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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 511.7 km/sec
density: 9.26 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1147 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: C1
1912 UT Apr25
24-hr: C1
0807 UT Apr25
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 25 Apr 23
Expand: labels | no labels
All of these sunspots have stable magnetic fields that pose little threat for strong solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 88
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 25 Apr 2023

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 25 Apr 2023


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 21.48x1010 W Warm
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 25 Apr 2023

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 134 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 25 Apr 2023

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -3.6% Below average
48-hr change: -2.6%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 25 Apr 2023 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 3.33 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 3.33
quiet
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 5.29 nT
Bz: 0.57 nT north
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
Coronal Holes: 25 Apr 23

Solar wind flowing from this equatorial coronal hole should reach Earth on April 27-28. .
Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds
Bad news: NASA's AIM spacecraft, which monitors noctilucent clouds, may be dead due to problems with an onboard battery. Mission controllers have not yet given up all hope, so stay tuned.
Switch view:Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica, Polar
Updated Apr25
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2023 Apr 25 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
10 %
10 %
CLASS X
01 %
01 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2023 Apr 25 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
30 %
MINOR
05 %
15 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
20 %
25 %
SEVERE
20 %
40 %
 
Tuesday, Apr. 25, 2023
What's up in space
       
 

Never miss another geomagnetic storm. Sign up for Space Weather Alerts and you'll receive a text message when magnetic storms erupt. Aurora tour guides and professional astronomers use this service. You can, too!

 

ANOTHER CME IS COMING: But this one will not cause a severe geomagnetic storm. Unlike the CME that struck Earth directly on March 23rd, the next CME will deliver only a glancing blow. It was hurled into space on April 24th by an explosion in the sun's southern hemisphere; most of the CME will sail harmlessly south of our planet. Minor G1-class geomagnetic storms are possible on April 27th and 28th when the CME arrives. Aurora alerts: SMS Text.

AUSTRAL STEVE: In Earth's southern hemisphere, the severe geomagnetic storm of April 23-24 sparked bright auroras--and something more. STEVE also appeared. Ian Griffin photographed the luminous purple ribbon from Hooper's Inlet on the Otago Peninsula of New Zealand:

"The night was amazing, with a wonderful display of aurora australis dominating the southern sky," says Griffin. "At around 9:30pm local time, an unexpected guest arrived--STEVE!"

STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) looks like an aurora, but it is not. The phenomenon is caused by hot (3000°C) ribbons of gas flowing through Earth’s magnetosphere at speeds exceeding 6 km/s (13,000 mph). These ribbons appear during strong geomagnetic storms, revealing themselves by their soft purple glow.

STEVE is a recent discovery. Sky watchers in Canada identified it less than 10 years ago. Since then it has been seen many times in the northern hemisphere, but not as often in the south. The sightings on April 23-34 are among the best so far of "Austral STEVE."

more images: from Dave Curtis of Brighton, Dunedin, New Zealand

HOW LOW DID THE NORTHERN LIGHTS GO? A CME hit Earth's magnetic field on April 23rd, a direct hit that sparked a severe G4-class geomagnetic storm. Northern lights spilled out of the Arctic Circle all the way down to the US-Mexico border (+29.5N):

"I was out shooting the night sky in the Big Bend region of Texas when I saw the alerts of the severe geomagnetic storm," says photographer Brad Dwight. "I decided to point my camera north just to see if I could see anything. These pillars exploded into view."

Other notable low-latitude sightings in the USA include southern California (+32.5N), Arizona (+34.8N), Arkansas (+35.1 N), Colorado (+38N), Utah (+40.8N), Oklahoma (+36.3N), North Carolina (+36.2N), Tennessee (+35.4N), New Mexico (+35.9N) and Nebraska (+40.6N).

There were advantages to being a bit farther north. Consider this photo taken by Katie Korbuszewski of Helena, Montana (+46.5N):

"This was the first time I have seen Northern Lights," she says. "They became a bright dome right above my head and all around. You could visibly see cars and people in the gravel lot that had previously been obscured by darkness. I used my iPhone 12 mini on the night mode setting with an exposure of 3 seconds."

"I thank my dad Paul Korbuszewski, an avid astronomer who checks Spaceweather.com like one checks the NASDAQ," says Katie. "He gave me a call from Western Washington to tell me where to look!"

Did you miss the storm? Subscribers to our Space Weather Alert service received instant text messages when the CME arrived and when the subsequent storm erupted. Solar Cycle 25 is just getting started, so this will happen again. Make sure you don't miss the next storm!

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

SILVER SNOOPY SPACE PENDANT: Snoopy has touched space. This sterling silver pendant flew to the stratosphere on April 15, 2023, floating on a cosmic ray balloon 117,400 feet above the Sierra Nevada mountains of central California:

You can have it for $159.95. Space Snoopy makes a great birthday, anniversary or Mother's day gift. The students of Earth to Sky Calculus are selling space pendants to support their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the pendant in flight and telling the story of its journey to the stratosphere and back again

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Apr 25 2023, the network reported 8 fireballs.
(6 sporadics, 1 Lyrid, 1 rho Cygnid)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On April 25, 2023 there were 2316 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2023 HK
2023-Apr-20
0.9 LD
15.9
13
2023 HM3
2023-Apr-20
17 LD
23.1
35
2023 HU3
2023-Apr-20
5.7 LD
19.8
34
2023 HJ
2023-Apr-20
4.9 LD
9.2
11
2023 HX1
2023-Apr-21
7.9 LD
10.6
11
2023 HD4
2023-Apr-21
5.3 LD
14
21
2023 HS1
2023-Apr-21
7.2 LD
3.4
9
2023 HM4
2023-Apr-21
10.2 LD
1
11
2023 HT3
2023-Apr-22
17.9 LD
13.9
54
2023 HE4
2023-Apr-22
2.7 LD
11.8
14
2023 HQ
2023-Apr-22
15.5 LD
7.3
18
2023 HJ4
2023-Apr-22
3.7 LD
11.5
14
2023 HV1
2023-Apr-23
17.4 LD
6.7
23
2023 HW3
2023-Apr-23
0.5 LD
15.1
6
2023 HE3
2023-Apr-23
2.4 LD
18.5
15
2021 HU
2023-Apr-23
18.2 LD
12.5
31
2023 HV3
2023-Apr-23
17.5 LD
4.4
47
2023 HX
2023-Apr-23
17.6 LD
11.8
39
2023 HV2
2023-Apr-23
6.2 LD
25.2
38
2023 HB4
2023-Apr-24
2.5 LD
9.6
15
2023 GU2
2023-Apr-24
19.5 LD
7.7
32
2023 HJ2
2023-Apr-24
2.2 LD
11.8
12
2023 HL2
2023-Apr-25
18 LD
9.3
28
2023 HW2
2023-Apr-25
6 LD
11.6
28
2023 GO1
2023-Apr-25
10.9 LD
11.9
18
2023 HF4
2023-Apr-25
1.3 LD
9.7
7
2023 HH3
2023-Apr-25
1.1 LD
13.4
13
2006 HV5
2023-Apr-26
6.3 LD
17.4
464
2023 GG1
2023-Apr-26
12.6 LD
10
37
2023 HP4
2023-Apr-26
15 LD
7.1
25
2023 HL3
2023-Apr-26
4.8 LD
14.1
17
2023 HK3
2023-Apr-27
4.3 LD
6.4
9
2023 HW1
2023-Apr-28
11.2 LD
10.2
38
2021 JF2
2023-Apr-28
16.6 LD
8
19
2023 HH2
2023-Apr-28
17.1 LD
7.6
37
2023 HZ3
2023-Apr-28
1.2 LD
8.8
11
2023 HC4
2023-Apr-29
10.9 LD
5.9
20
2023 GF2
2023-Apr-30
11.5 LD
4.8
28
2018 VS6
2023-May-01
5.2 LD
11.6
14
2023 HV
2023-May-01
3.6 LD
4.3
15
2023 HY3
2023-May-01
16.7 LD
6.6
32
2006 HX57
2023-May-05
6.8 LD
11
30
2023 HP1
2023-May-07
16 LD
11.6
93
2023 HG1
2023-May-09
10.9 LD
2.4
19
2011 KY15
2023-May-18
19.9 LD
14.3
54
2021 JK7
2023-May-22
16.7 LD
22.9
48
2023 GY2
2023-May-22
18.1 LD
11.3
96
2019 UJ3
2023-May-23
15.5 LD
9.8
21
2023 CL3
2023-May-24
18.9 LD
7.3
117
2021 KO2
2023-May-29
15.8 LD
13.9
9
2012 KP24
2023-May-31
10.3 LD
12.4
19
2018 KR
2023-Jun-07
6.5 LD
4.9
19
2017 UJ2
2023-Jun-07
5.3 LD
5.6
2
488453
2023-Jun-12
8.3 LD
21.5
495
2022 WN4
2023-Jun-13
10.8 LD
15.1
158
2020 DB5
2023-Jun-15
11.3 LD
9.5
506
2023 HL
2023-Jun-17
13.5 LD
1
15
2016 LK49
2023-Jun-19
17.4 LD
19.4
22
2018 LN2
2023-Jun-20
19 LD
9.9
84
2023 HF1
2023-Jun-21
12.5 LD
4.4
59
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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