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FARSIDE EXPLOSION: Something just exploded on the farside of the sun. The blast hurled a CME into space during the late hours of Oct. 31st. Take a look at this movie, which shows the CME as well as Venus (left) and Mercury (right). The blast site will rotate onto the Earthside of the sun about a week from now. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text
HALLOWEEN FIREBALLS: Have you ever heard of the "Halloween Fireballs?" Astronomers call them Taurid meteors. They appear every year from late October through early November when Earth passes through a stream of debris associated with Comet 2P/Encke. Lene Maria Steffensen photographed this one burning up over Løkken, Denmark, on Oct. 31st:
"In this lucky 3 second shot I caught some faint green auroras and a bright green fireball on top," says Steffensen. "The exploding meteor was fantastic. You could see its reflection on the beach."
We're about to see a lot more of these. Forecasters believe that a swarm of Taurid meteoroids is approaching Earth, and it could double the usual rate of fireballs--not only on Halloween, but also through the early weeks of November.
Taurid meteors are thought to be debris from a giant comet that broke apart in the inner Solar System 10 to 20 thousand years ago. The breakup produced a mixture of dust and larger bodies that are still present today. Comet 2P/Encke itself may be just one of the fragments.
Over the years, Jupiter's gravity has shepherded some of these meteoroids into a well-defined cloud--the "Taurid Swarm." It visits Earth every 3 or 7 years. Previous encounters with the Swarm in 2005 and 2015 produced showers of fireballs observed around the world. The last outburst was 7 years ago, which means 2022 should be a Swarm year, too.
A total lunar eclipse on Nov. 8th will provide dark skies for sighting Taurid fireballs and possible lunar impacts: visibility map.
In 1975 the Swarm contacted the Moon, making Apollo seismic sensors ring with evidence of objects hitting the lunar surface. If there's a repeat strike this year, Nov. 8th might be a good time to look for it. The Moon's surface will be darkened by Earth's shadow during a total lunar eclipse, improving the visibility of any exploding lunar meteors.
Although the Taurid shower typically peaks on Nov. 5th, it is a broad maximum, weeks long. Any of the nights ahead could produce a Taurid display. Look up during the hours around midnight. You can expect to see a few fireballs per hour streaking from the horns of Taurus--and many more if the Swarm arrives.
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"I LOVE YOU FOREVER" MOONSTONE PENDANT: Are you looking for a far-out gift? Consider the "I Love You Forever" Moonstone. This one hitched a ride to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research ballooin on Oct. 15, 2022:
You can have it for $162.95. The moonstone's sterling silver infinity wrap is inscribed with the words "I love you forever." It makes a great anniversary, Christmas or birthday gift. The moonstone comes with a greeting card showing the pendant in flight, telling the story of its trip to the edge of space and back again.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
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Every night, a network of
NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Nov 01, 2022, the network reported 24 fireballs.
(13 sporadics, 10 northern Taurids, 1 Orionid)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (
PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding
new ones all the time.
On November 1, 2022 there were 2311 potentially hazardous asteroids.
 |
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters: | Asteroid | Date(UT) | Miss Distance | Velocity (km/s) | Diameter (m) |
| 2022 UQ13 | 2022-Oct-27 | 5.5 LD | 6.2 | 19 |
| 2022 UV21 | 2022-Oct-27 | 8.8 LD | 9.2 | 16 |
| 2022 UF4 | 2022-Oct-27 | 11.7 LD | 13.2 | 44 |
| 2022 UB8 | 2022-Oct-27 | 2.2 LD | 19 | 12 |
| 2019 AN5 | 2022-Oct-27 | 20 LD | 6.8 | 215 |
| 2022 UA10 | 2022-Oct-27 | 12 LD | 8.1 | 59 |
| 2022 UW14 | 2022-Oct-27 | 0.7 LD | 8.6 | 7 |
| 2022 UB13 | 2022-Oct-27 | 0.8 LD | 7.4 | 4 |
| 2022 UA14 | 2022-Oct-27 | 0.9 LD | 11.6 | 8 |
| 2022 UL16 | 2022-Oct-27 | 14.7 LD | 27.6 | 108 |
| 2022 UB22 | 2022-Oct-28 | 17.8 LD | 19.1 | 54 |
| 2022 UT5 | 2022-Oct-28 | 7 LD | 9.4 | 20 |
| 2022 UM3 | 2022-Oct-28 | 8.7 LD | 7.5 | 12 |
| 2022 UD14 | 2022-Oct-28 | 13.1 LD | 12.9 | 111 |
| 2022 UD3 | 2022-Oct-28 | 8.4 LD | 6.5 | 22 |
| 2022 UV15 | 2022-Oct-29 | 1.5 LD | 11.3 | 22 |
| 2022 UM20 | 2022-Oct-29 | 19 LD | 11.3 | 41 |
| 2004 UT1 | 2022-Oct-29 | 3.9 LD | 6.4 | 17 |
| 2022 UW16 | 2022-Oct-29 | 0.1 LD | 12.3 | 6 |
| 2022 UO12 | 2022-Oct-29 | 1.3 LD | 16.4 | 8 |
| 2022 UT16 | 2022-Oct-29 | 3.4 LD | 8.1 | 15 |
| 2022 UN16 | 2022-Oct-29 | 12.1 LD | 6.5 | 26 |
| 2022 UW6 | 2022-Oct-30 | 11.3 LD | 4.1 | 28 |
| 2022 US20 | 2022-Oct-30 | 5 LD | 7.8 | 24 |
| 2022 UU8 | 2022-Oct-30 | 1.5 LD | 4.5 | 9 |
| 2022 UR11 | 2022-Oct-30 | 4.7 LD | 12.8 | 10 |
| 2022 UU10 | 2022-Oct-30 | 6 LD | 4.3 | 11 |
| 2022 UW15 | 2022-Oct-30 | 0.3 LD | 7.9 | 3 |
| 2022 UT10 | 2022-Oct-30 | 4.9 LD | 4.5 | 16 |
| 2022 UU9 | 2022-Oct-30 | 6.1 LD | 12 | 12 |
| 2022 UG16 | 2022-Oct-30 | 4.2 LD | 10.1 | 31 |
| 2022 UD13 | 2022-Oct-30 | 2 LD | 12.8 | 19 |
| 2022 UD11 | 2022-Oct-30 | 10.5 LD | 15.9 | 38 |
| 2022 UA21 | 2022-Oct-31 | 1.2 LD | 4.4 | 5 |
| 2022 UP13 | 2022-Oct-31 | 17.4 LD | 8.1 | 32 |
| 2017 VD15 | 2022-Oct-31 | 14.1 LD | 5.3 | 25 |
| 2022 UW10 | 2022-Oct-31 | 4.4 LD | 6.7 | 21 |
| 2022 UO11 | 2022-Oct-31 | 11 LD | 8.7 | 18 |
| 2022 UF11 | 2022-Oct-31 | 2.6 LD | 7.9 | 8 |
| 2022 UB14 | 2022-Oct-31 | 3.5 LD | 10.6 | 12 |
| 2022 UX20 | 2022-Oct-31 | 4.8 LD | 12.3 | 11 |
| 2021 VH | 2022-Nov-01 | 5.9 LD | 5.3 | 4 |
| 2022 UT14 | 2022-Nov-01 | 3 LD | 17.8 | 15 |
| 2022 RM4 | 2022-Nov-01 | 6 LD | 23.5 | 443 |
| 2022 UR16 | 2022-Nov-01 | 13.6 LD | 9.2 | 29 |
| 2022 UD21 | 2022-Nov-02 | 10.8 LD | 11.6 | 27 |
| 2022 UU21 | 2022-Nov-02 | 4.1 LD | 9.9 | 8 |
| 2022 UZ5 | 2022-Nov-02 | 4.6 LD | 9.4 | 47 |
| 2022 UP17 | 2022-Nov-03 | 1.6 LD | 19.3 | 11 |
| 2022 UZ8 | 2022-Nov-03 | 12.8 LD | 10.4 | 22 |
| 2022 UN5 | 2022-Nov-04 | 14.7 LD | 8.2 | 32 |
| 2022 UB9 | 2022-Nov-04 | 16.4 LD | 6.5 | 18 |
| 2022 UQ20 | 2022-Nov-04 | 3.1 LD | 8.3 | 12 |
| 2022 UL6 | 2022-Nov-04 | 17.6 LD | 4.4 | 39 |
| 2022 UB16 | 2022-Nov-05 | 7.5 LD | 19.7 | 44 |
| 2022 UK10 | 2022-Nov-05 | 15.4 LD | 11.8 | 27 |
| 2022 UM21 | 2022-Nov-05 | 10.2 LD | 14.3 | 17 |
| 2022 UM16 | 2022-Nov-05 | 11.8 LD | 15.8 | 71 |
| 2022 UY14 | 2022-Nov-06 | 8.9 LD | 19.9 | 33 |
| 2022 UO6 | 2022-Nov-06 | 11.5 LD | 11.5 | 38 |
| 2022 UC22 | 2022-Nov-07 | 18.2 LD | 17.3 | 197 |
| 2022 UN21 | 2022-Nov-07 | 8 LD | 11.1 | 18 |
| 2022 US6 | 2022-Nov-07 | 9.7 LD | 7.2 | 19 |
| 2022 UR21 | 2022-Nov-07 | 8.6 LD | 9.8 | 18 |
| 2022 UK5 | 2022-Nov-08 | 14.3 LD | 5.2 | 43 |
| 2020 WD | 2022-Nov-08 | 3 LD | 6 | 8 |
| 2022 UC5 | 2022-Nov-08 | 6.1 LD | 12.9 | 38 |
| 2022 UV20 | 2022-Nov-09 | 7.7 LD | 8.4 | 21 |
| 2019 XS | 2022-Nov-10 | 16.7 LD | 11.9 | 60 |
| 2022 UV14 | 2022-Nov-11 | 10.8 LD | 7.7 | 20 |
| 2020 FC4 | 2022-Nov-12 | 19.3 LD | 13.3 | 78 |
| 2022 UH16 | 2022-Nov-14 | 14.9 LD | 9.8 | 24 |
| 2022 UP2 | 2022-Nov-14 | 10.6 LD | 6 | 33 |
| 2019 VL5 | 2022-Nov-15 | 8.5 LD | 8.1 | 24 |
| 2018 WH | 2022-Nov-16 | 2.5 LD | 7.7 | 4 |
| 2022 US14 | 2022-Nov-18 | 8.5 LD | 8.2 | 40 |
| 2019 OR1 | 2022-Nov-21 | 18.1 LD | 13.4 | 246 |
| 2005 LW3 | 2022-Nov-23 | 3 LD | 13.5 | 168 |
| 2010 VQ | 2022-Dec-02 | 11.9 LD | 3.9 | 10 |
| 2009 HV58 | 2022-Dec-02 | 12.3 LD | 28.8 | 427 |
| 2022 UT8 | 2022-Dec-02 | 11.2 LD | 4.2 | 64 |
| 2017 QL33 | 2022-Dec-03 | 16 LD | 6.9 | 195 |
| 2019 XY | 2022-Dec-10 | 3.6 LD | 12.9 | 9 |
| 2003 YS70 | 2022-Dec-13 | 10.4 LD | 4.1 | 5 |
| 2019 XQ1 | 2022-Dec-13 | 14.5 LD | 9.8 | 30 |
| 2018 XU3 | 2022-Dec-13 | 14.8 LD | 10.3 | 30 |
| 2021 XS4 | 2022-Dec-14 | 14.5 LD | 9.7 | 23 |
| 2015 RN35 | 2022-Dec-15 | 1.8 LD | 5.9 | 84 |
| 2016 YE | 2022-Dec-18 | 18.6 LD | 4.8 | 23 |
| 2014 HK129 | 2022-Dec-20 | 6.7 LD | 11.6 | 214 |
| 2017 XQ60 | 2022-Dec-21 | 18.8 LD | 16 | 45 |
| 2022 UD9 | 2022-Dec-22 | 4.6 LD | 10.3 | 152 |
| 2022 RD2 | 2022-Dec-22 | 13.9 LD | 1.1 | 7 |
| 2013 YA14 | 2022-Dec-25 | 2.7 LD | 10.5 | 68 |
| 2022 TE14 | 2022-Dec-25 | 11.2 LD | 7 | 128 |
| 2018 YK2 | 2022-Dec-26 | 15.8 LD | 15.1 | 98 |
| 2010 XC15 | 2022-Dec-27 | 2 LD | 10.1 | 184 |
| 2021 AE | 2022-Dec-28 | 16.5 LD | 15 | 23 |
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. | | Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:
What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| | The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| | The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| | Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| | 3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| | Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| | information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| | current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page |
| | Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries |
| | from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| | fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| | from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| | the underlying science of space weather |
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