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Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp=
2.67 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 3.00 quiet
explanation | more
data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 6.05 nT
Bz: 4.22 nT north
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0146 UT
Coronal Holes: 26 Aug 25
Solar wind flowing from this coronal hole should reach Earth on Aug. 26. Credit: NASA/SDO | more data
Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:
On Aug 25, 2025, the Arctic stratosphere is much too hot for polar stratospheric clouds. | more data.
Noctilucent Clouds
The northern season for noctilucent clouds is underway. First reports of the electric-blue clouds came from Russia on May 28, 2025. Since then, the clouds have spread to lower latitudes, reaching Paris, France, during a major outbreak on June 23, 2025. The seson is ending in an interesting way. Usually the clouds vanish in August, but they have persisted and sometimes been quite storng as August comes to an end.
Above: Aug. 21, 2025, Björköby, Finland
"These late season noctilucent clouds drifted in front of the crescent moon. It was quite beautiful," says photographer Sebastian Sainio.
See the complete NLC Photo Gallery
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts |
|
Updated at: 2025 Aug 25 2200 UTC
FLARE |
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
CLASS M |
55
% |
55
% |
CLASS X |
10
% |
10
% |
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant
disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor
storm, severe
storm
Updated at: 2025 Aug 25 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
40
% |
20
% |
MINOR |
15
% |
05
% |
SEVERE |
01
% |
01
% |
High latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
10
% |
15
% |
MINOR |
30
% |
30
% |
SEVERE |
55
% |
25
% |
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This is an AI Free Zone: Text created by Large Language Models is spreading across the Internet. It's well-written, but frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.
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EARTH IS ALMOST IN THE STRIKE ZONE: A phalanx of large sunspots is turning toward Earth. Sunspot 4199 is crackling with M-class flares, while big sunspot 4197 has a delta-class magnetic field that harbors energy for even stronger X-flares. Earth is almost in the strike zone of these active regions, and we will be squarely bulls-eyed later this week. Stay tuned! Solar flare alerts: SMS Text
LATE-SEASON NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS--EXPLAINED: Usually the summer season for noctilucent clouds (NLCs) is over by now. Instead, Arctic sky watchers have been seeing some very bright NLCs:
"I caught these late-season NLCs drifting in front of the crescent Moon on Aug. 21st," reports Sebastian Sainio of Björköby, Finland. Almost a thousand kilometers away in Kiruna, Sweden, the clouds were so bright, they "seemed like sunrise," while polar air travelers witnessed dramatic displays from the window seat.
What's going on? Lynn Harvey of the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (CU Boulder) found the answer. "There is a beautiful 5-day planetary wave that is driving temperatures over Scandinavia to be ~10 K colder than in other longitude sectors in the last few days," she explains.
This Hovmöller diagram from NASA's microwave limb sounder (MLS) shows the cold wave:
Normally, late August warmth melts away icy NLCs in the mesosphere. The planetary wave, however, has reversed that trend. Cold troughs in the wave freeze water vapor around meteoric dust, seeding these unseasonal night-shining clouds.
The NLCs could reappear at 5-day intervals. That’s because planetary waves--giant atmospheric ripples with natural periods of 2, 5, 10, and 16 days--are the drivers. The 5-day mode is the strongest, a fundamental global oscillation of Earth's atmosphere.
If you live around the Arctic Circle, please be alert for these late-season clouds, and submit your photos here
Realtime Noctilucent Cloud Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
LITTLE GREEN SANTA ORNAMENT: You can't buy this on Amazon: The Little Green Santa Christmas Ornamant is only available from the Earth to Sky Store. On Aug. 22, 2025, it flew to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon:
You can have it for $99.95. Hand-sculpted in the USA, this humorous ornament shows Santa arriving from the North Pole of a distant planet. Durable polyresin construction makes it lightweight enough to hang on any tree, but sturdy enough to last for many Christmases to come.
The students are selling space ornaments to pay the helium bill for their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the ornament in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
Every night, a network
of NASA
all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United
States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software
maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office
calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth
in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics.
Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Aug 25, 2025, the network reported 4 fireballs.
(4 sporadics)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue).
[Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids ( PHAs)
are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that
can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the
known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet,
although astronomers are finding new
ones all the time.
On August 26, 2025 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
 |
Recent
& Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
| Asteroid |
Date(UT) |
Miss Distance |
Velocity (km/s) |
Diameter (m) |
| 2025 PM1 |
2025-Aug-20 |
9.7 LD |
4.9 |
25 |
| 2025 QP3 |
2025-Aug-20 |
2.8 LD |
6.1 |
43 |
| 2025 OV4 |
2025-Aug-20 |
7.6 LD |
10.8 |
52 |
| 1997 QK1 |
2025-Aug-20 |
7.9 LD |
9.8 |
315 |
| 2025 PW2 |
2025-Aug-20 |
3.9 LD |
11.4 |
13 |
| 2025 QC4 |
2025-Aug-20 |
9.3 LD |
6.9 |
13 |
| 2025 OB3 |
2025-Aug-21 |
8.8 LD |
7 |
50 |
| 2025 QM3 |
2025-Aug-21 |
0.5 LD |
9.2 |
6 |
| 2025 QU4 |
2025-Aug-21 |
11 LD |
18.4 |
25 |
| 2025 PN2 |
2025-Aug-21 |
9.9 LD |
16.6 |
31 |
| 2022 QD3 |
2025-Aug-21 |
15.4 LD |
6.9 |
35 |
| 2025 QB4 |
2025-Aug-22 |
2 LD |
13.7 |
8 |
| 2025 QV4 |
2025-Aug-22 |
4.2 LD |
16.7 |
32 |
| 2025 QY |
2025-Aug-22 |
7.5 LD |
7.8 |
15 |
| 2023 PX |
2025-Aug-22 |
2.4 LD |
8.3 |
23 |
| 2025 QE4 |
2025-Aug-22 |
1.3 LD |
6.4 |
10 |
| 2025 QE2 |
2025-Aug-22 |
17.1 LD |
7.2 |
35 |
| 2025 QA5 |
2025-Aug-23 |
2.6 LD |
8 |
10 |
| 2025 PR |
2025-Aug-23 |
17.6 LD |
3.4 |
22 |
| 2025 QF4 |
2025-Aug-23 |
4.2 LD |
10.7 |
12 |
| 2019 QQ6 |
2025-Aug-24 |
9.4 LD |
17.2 |
31 |
| 2025 QV3 |
2025-Aug-25 |
9.9 LD |
6.2 |
11 |
| 2025 QB3 |
2025-Aug-26 |
19.1 LD |
7 |
21 |
| 2025 QK3 |
2025-Aug-26 |
11.7 LD |
12.7 |
37 |
| 2025 QB5 |
2025-Aug-26 |
11.7 LD |
4.8 |
26 |
| 2025 QC1 |
2025-Aug-27 |
4.2 LD |
9.4 |
21 |
| 2025 PM2 |
2025-Aug-27 |
9.7 LD |
18.5 |
59 |
| 2025 QX4 |
2025-Aug-27 |
3.7 LD |
6.9 |
24 |
| 2025 PX |
2025-Aug-29 |
16.5 LD |
7 |
53 |
| 2025 QY4 |
2025-Aug-29 |
11.8 LD |
13.5 |
57 |
| 2017 RK15 |
2025-Aug-29 |
15.8 LD |
13.2 |
26 |
| 2020 TS1 |
2025-Aug-29 |
17.8 LD |
3.3 |
5 |
| 1998 SH2 |
2025-Aug-30 |
8.1 LD |
17.3 |
246 |
| 2025 PJ3 |
2025-Sep-01 |
7.9 LD |
11.7 |
30 |
| 2025 PF3 |
2025-Sep-03 |
16.3 LD |
6.9 |
22 |
| 2025 OG1 |
2025-Sep-05 |
14.5 LD |
4.2 |
35 |
| 2019 JG1 |
2025-Sep-09 |
18.8 LD |
7.9 |
17 |
| 2009 FF |
2025-Sep-11 |
6.8 LD |
12.9 |
155 |
| 2025 QO1 |
2025-Sep-11 |
8.7 LD |
13.6 |
82 |
| 2015 SA |
2025-Sep-13 |
10.3 LD |
9.1 |
31 |
| 2022 SS2 |
2025-Sep-13 |
2.4 LD |
7.2 |
13 |
| 2025 QR1 |
2025-Sep-14 |
19.7 LD |
8.7 |
160 |
| 2025 FA22 |
2025-Sep-18 |
2.2 LD |
10.8 |
166 |
| 2025 PJ1 |
2025-Sep-21 |
11.6 LD |
11.9 |
131 |
| 2022 SW12 |
2025-Sep-23 |
15 LD |
17.6 |
210 |
| 2018 QT1 |
2025-Sep-23 |
13.1 LD |
12.7 |
138 |
| 2021 RN16 |
2025-Sep-23 |
10.1 LD |
8.8 |
7 |
| 2019 SF6 |
2025-Sep-28 |
20 LD |
8.4 |
20 |
| 152664 |
2025-Sep-29 |
10.1 LD |
18.6 |
412 |
| 2020 GE1 |
2025-Oct-02 |
13.7 LD |
4.7 |
14 |
| 2022 TU1 |
2025-Oct-08 |
16.9 LD |
12.9 |
10 |
| 2020 QU5 |
2025-Oct-09 |
7.1 LD |
13.6 |
26 |
| 2022 AY5 |
2025-Oct-14 |
7.4 LD |
8.4 |
5 |
| 2022 UY3 |
2025-Oct-15 |
10.2 LD |
7.4 |
15 |
| 2022 UU15 |
2025-Oct-19 |
14.8 LD |
16.1 |
34 |
| 2023 UK3 |
2025-Oct-21 |
6.7 LD |
9 |
5 |
| 2024 GD2 |
2025-Oct-22 |
17.8 LD |
4.2 |
28 |
| 2022 HM1 |
2025-Oct-23 |
15.1 LD |
13.3 |
27 |
Notes: LD means
"Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance
between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256
AU.
| |
Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 10 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2024): Atmospheric radiation is sharply decreasing in 2024. Our latest measurements in November registered a 10-year low:
What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| |
The
official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| |
The
first place to look for information about sundogs,
pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| |
Researchers
call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO
is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| |
3D
views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial
Relations Observatory |
| |
Realtime
and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| |
information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| |
current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics. |
| |
Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries |
| |
from
the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| |
from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
the
underlying science of space weather |
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