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Switch to: Europe, USA, New
Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp=
1 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 3 quiet
explanation | more
data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 3.5
nT
Bz: -2.0
nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 2349
UT
Coronal Holes: 07 Dec 21
There are no significant coronal holes on the Earthside of the sun. Credit: SDO/AIA
Noctilucent Clouds The northern hemisphere season for noctilucent clouds appears to be over. NASA's AIM spacecraft detected no evidence of NLCs around the north pole on Aug. 29th.
Switch view: Europe, USA, Asia, Polar
Updated at:
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts |
|
Updated at: 2021 Dec 07 2200 UTC
FLARE |
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
CLASS M |
01
% |
01
% |
CLASS X |
01
% |
01
% |
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant
disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor
storm, severe
storm
Updated at: 2021 Dec 07 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
10
% |
10
% |
MINOR |
01
% |
01
% |
SEVERE |
01
% |
01
% |
High latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
15
% |
15
% |
MINOR |
20
% |
20
% |
SEVERE |
20
% |
15
% |
|
|
|
 |
|
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FARSIDE SOLAR ACTIVITY CONTINUES: During the past 24 hours multiple CMEs have billowed over the sun's southwestern limb. This is a sign of continued activity from a farside sunspot group, which has been exploding quasi-continuously since Dec. 3rd. The Earthside of the sun, meanwhile, is very quiet. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text
AN ALIGNMENT OF PLANETS: When the sun goes down tonight, go outside and look southwest. Venus, Saturn, Jupiter and the Moon are lined up in the twilight sky. Marko Posavec photographed them last night from Lake Šoderica in Croatia:
"It was a lovely line-up of the three planets and the Moon," says Posavec. "The inset images were taken with a 700 mm lens. That's how they look through a small telescope."
The show is just getting started. For the rest of this week the Moon will hop from planet to planet, forming a series of loose conjunctions. The grand finale takes place on Dec. 10th when the four stretch themselves into a dramatic straight line across the southwestern sky.
Pro tip: Try to catch the planets before the sunset sky fades completely black. Conjunctions framed by the colors of twilight are out of this world. Sky maps: Dec. 6, Dec. 7, Dec. 8, Dec. 9, Dec. 10.
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
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Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
Every night, a network
of NASA
all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United
States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software
maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office
calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth
in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics.
Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Dec 07, 2021, the network reported 44 fireballs.
(25 sporadics, 13 sigma Hydrids, 5 Nov. omega Orionids, 1 Geminid)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue).
[Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids ( PHAs)
are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that
can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the
known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet,
although astronomers are finding new
ones all the time.
On December 7, 2021 there were 2242 potentially hazardous asteroids.
 |
Recent
& Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
| Asteroid |
Date(UT) |
Miss Distance |
Velocity (km/s) |
Diameter (m) |
| 2021 XO2 |
2021-Dec-02 |
4.8 LD |
14.3 |
31 |
| 2021 WK4 |
2021-Dec-02 |
4.6 LD |
10.1 |
10 |
| 2021 WF2 |
2021-Dec-02 |
11.7 LD |
12.6 |
35 |
| 2021 WC3 |
2021-Dec-02 |
1.4 LD |
12.8 |
7 |
| 2021 XN1 |
2021-Dec-02 |
8.8 LD |
9.3 |
16 |
| 2021 WN4 |
2021-Dec-02 |
12.4 LD |
8 |
36 |
| 2021 XL3 |
2021-Dec-02 |
2.8 LD |
8.1 |
22 |
| 2021 WN2 |
2021-Dec-02 |
5.7 LD |
8.5 |
17 |
| 2021 XP2 |
2021-Dec-03 |
2.7 LD |
7.5 |
27 |
| 2021 XN3 |
2021-Dec-03 |
8.3 LD |
12.8 |
72 |
| 2021 WZ1 |
2021-Dec-03 |
2 LD |
13 |
16 |
| 2021 XH3 |
2021-Dec-03 |
11 LD |
4.3 |
36 |
| 2021 XM2 |
2021-Dec-03 |
7.4 LD |
20.6 |
22 |
| 2021 XG3 |
2021-Dec-04 |
14.7 LD |
7.8 |
21 |
| 2021 XA1 |
2021-Dec-04 |
13.9 LD |
8.1 |
15 |
| 2021 XG2 |
2021-Dec-04 |
18 LD |
12.9 |
131 |
| 2021 XF1 |
2021-Dec-04 |
0.8 LD |
7.8 |
4 |
| 2021 UP4 |
2021-Dec-04 |
13.9 LD |
8.3 |
53 |
| 2021 XC2 |
2021-Dec-05 |
0.8 LD |
9.5 |
4 |
| 2021 WZ2 |
2021-Dec-05 |
8.4 LD |
13.5 |
21 |
| 2021 XF |
2021-Dec-05 |
2.3 LD |
8.2 |
8 |
| 2021 XU |
2021-Dec-05 |
16.6 LD |
17.8 |
31 |
| 2021 WA5 |
2021-Dec-05 |
8.7 LD |
5.8 |
13 |
| 2021 VX7 |
2021-Dec-06 |
14.8 LD |
6.1 |
42 |
| 2021 WE1 |
2021-Dec-06 |
5.6 LD |
9 |
20 |
| 2021 WM2 |
2021-Dec-06 |
8.2 LD |
12.3 |
23 |
| 2021 XT1 |
2021-Dec-06 |
8 LD |
5.3 |
7 |
| 2021 WL2 |
2021-Dec-06 |
7 LD |
7.5 |
15 |
| 2021 XE |
2021-Dec-06 |
4 LD |
3.1 |
6 |
| 2021 XA3 |
2021-Dec-07 |
14.6 LD |
8.2 |
19 |
| 2021 XN2 |
2021-Dec-07 |
2.3 LD |
7.4 |
13 |
| 2021 XC |
2021-Dec-08 |
6.5 LD |
6.9 |
20 |
| 2021 WT4 |
2021-Dec-08 |
10.8 LD |
6.4 |
16 |
| 2021 WA3 |
2021-Dec-09 |
17.2 LD |
7 |
17 |
| 2021 WW3 |
2021-Dec-09 |
5.6 LD |
7.6 |
15 |
| 2021 XX2 |
2021-Dec-09 |
2 LD |
6.3 |
7 |
| 2021 XM3 |
2021-Dec-10 |
6.9 LD |
12.6 |
70 |
| 2021 XZ2 |
2021-Dec-10 |
8.3 LD |
18.9 |
21 |
| 2021 WV1 |
2021-Dec-11 |
1.5 LD |
3 |
7 |
| 2021 XQ2 |
2021-Dec-11 |
10 LD |
16.4 |
28 |
| 2021 XG |
2021-Dec-11 |
7.7 LD |
4.8 |
9 |
| 4660 |
2021-Dec-11 |
10.3 LD |
6.6 |
759 |
| 2021 XD2 |
2021-Dec-11 |
3.5 LD |
6.9 |
13 |
| 2021 WJ3 |
2021-Dec-11 |
9.9 LD |
5.5 |
21 |
| 2021 WQ1 |
2021-Dec-12 |
7.8 LD |
8.8 |
27 |
| 2021 XE3 |
2021-Dec-12 |
2.1 LD |
6.9 |
13 |
| 2021 WZ5 |
2021-Dec-13 |
4.6 LD |
1.9 |
5 |
| 2021 VW27 |
2021-Dec-13 |
18.7 LD |
8.4 |
38 |
| 2019 XQ1 |
2021-Dec-13 |
14.1 LD |
9.1 |
30 |
| 2021 WW2 |
2021-Dec-13 |
14.3 LD |
10.9 |
28 |
| 2021 VT6 |
2021-Dec-14 |
7.7 LD |
6.9 |
50 |
| 2021 WZ4 |
2021-Dec-14 |
5 LD |
14 |
39 |
| 2004 YC |
2021-Dec-15 |
18.4 LD |
8.1 |
27 |
| 163899 |
2021-Dec-17 |
14.2 LD |
5.6 |
1093 |
| 2021 LX3 |
2021-Dec-18 |
19.7 LD |
6.5 |
124 |
| 2016 YY10 |
2021-Dec-21 |
11.3 LD |
9.2 |
23 |
| 2017 XQ60 |
2021-Dec-21 |
13.7 LD |
15.7 |
47 |
| 2016 TR54 |
2021-Dec-24 |
16.9 LD |
15.5 |
135 |
| 2018 AH |
2021-Dec-27 |
11.9 LD |
12.7 |
112 |
| 2017 AE3 |
2021-Dec-29 |
9.3 LD |
19.1 |
155 |
| 2014 YE15 |
2022-Jan-06 |
19.3 LD |
6.4 |
8 |
| 2020 AP1 |
2022-Jan-07 |
4.6 LD |
5.7 |
4 |
| 2013 YD48 |
2022-Jan-11 |
14.6 LD |
14.8 |
107 |
| 2021 BA |
2022-Jan-18 |
9.8 LD |
9.1 |
22 |
| 7482 |
2022-Jan-18 |
5.2 LD |
19.6 |
1732 |
| 2018 PN22 |
2022-Jan-21 |
11.4 LD |
2.7 |
11 |
| 2017 XC62 |
2022-Jan-24 |
18.7 LD |
4.3 |
112 |
| 2021 BZ |
2022-Jan-27 |
17.6 LD |
14.6 |
39 |
Notes: LD means
"Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance
between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256
AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on
the date of closest approach.
| |
Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:
This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century. It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.
We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset.
En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:
The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| |
The
official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| |
The
first place to look for information about sundogs,
pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| |
Researchers
call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO
is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| |
3D
views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial
Relations Observatory |
| |
Realtime
and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| |
information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| |
from
the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| |
from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
the
underlying science of space weather |
 |
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