Solar wind
speed: 447.9 km/sec
density: 3.61 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0122 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: C4 0800 UT Sep25
24-hr: C4 0800 UT Sep25
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 1325 UT
Daily Sun: 25 Sep 24
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
Sunspot AR3836 has a 'beta-gamma' magnetic field that harbors energy for M-class solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 123
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 25 Sep 2024

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2024 total: 0 days (0%)
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)
Updated 25 Sep 2024

Thermosphere Climate Index
 today: 33.36x1010 W Hot
Max: 49.4x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 24 Sep 2024

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 172 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 25 Sep 2024

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts
Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -7.0% Low
48-hr change: +1.0%
Max: +11.7% Very High (12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 25 Sep 2024 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 4.33 unsettled
24-hr max: Kp= 5.00 storm
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 8.53 nT
Bz: -3.36 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0121 UT
Coronal Holes: 25 Sep 24

There are no significant equatorial coronal holes on the Earth-facing side of the sun. Credit: SDO/AIA

Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:

On Sep. 25, 2024, the Arctic stratosphere is much too warm for Type II polar stratospheric clouds. | more data.

Noctilucent Clouds
The northern season for NLCs is underway--but not for long. The first clouds were detected inside the Arctic Circle on May 25, 2024, by the NOAA 21 satellite. After peaking in July, the clouds are now in rapid decline. This is typical for the month of August, which usually brings the end of NLC season in the northern hemisphere.

noctilucent clouds
Updated: Aug. 28, 2024

An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). In the daily map, above, each dot is a detected cloud. As the season progresses, these dots will multiply in number and shift in hue from blue to red as the brightness of the clouds intensifies.

SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2024 Sep 24 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
55 %
55 %
CLASS X
20 %
20 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2024 Sep 24 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
40 %
30 %
MINOR
20 %
10 %
SEVERE
05 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
10 %
15 %
MINOR
25 %
30 %
SEVERE
60 %
40 %
 
Wednesday, Sep. 25, 2024
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, artificial, frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

CRACKS IN EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD: How do you know it's autumn? Cracks are opening in Earth's magnetic field. Researchers call it the "Russell-McPherron effect." Solar wind flows through the gaps to fuel geomagnetic storms even without a CME impact. Spectacular auroras over Norway this morning were caused by magnetic cracks opening during the early hours of Sept. 25th. Aurora alerts: SMS Text

BRIGHT MORNING COMET: Set your alarm for dawn. There's a bright comet in the morning sky. "The celestial wonder C/2023 A3 (Comet Tsuchinshan–ATLAS) is gracing the sunrise of the Northern Hemisphere!" says Alireza Vafa, who sends this picture from the Alborz Mountains of Iran:

"Mount Damavand—the highest peak in the Middle East—provided the perfect backdrop for this cosmic event," he says. "As the clock ticked down to just 40 minutes before sunrise, the comet revealed itself, shining brilliantly with a magnitude brighter than +3. Its brilliance was somewhat subdued against the illuminated dawn sky, but this is merely the beginning of a dazzling display in the days to come."

He's right. The view is about to improve. Every day this week, the comet will climb higher in the morning sky, reaching a peak between Sept. 26th and 29th. For some observers, the comet will be as high as 16 degrees above the horizon. This chart prepared by Nick James of the British Astronomical Association shows how the comet's height above the horizon depends on latitude. Note that it is visible in both hemispheres.

On Sept. 27th, the comet will pass by the sun near the orbit of Mercury where it will receive a brightening dose of solar heat. Then it will proceed toward Earth for a close encounter (0.47 AU) on Oct. 12th. Around that time, the comet might be bright enough to see in broad daylight. Stay tuned!

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

STERLING SILVER MOONCAT: This cat has experienced a severe geomagnetic storm. A CME hit Earth's magnetic field during on Sept. 16th. The students of Earth to Sky Calculus quickly launched a cosmic ray balloon into the resulting storm, with the Sterling Silver Mooncat hitching a ride:

You can have it for $199.95. Curled around a genuine blue moonstone, the sterling silver cat floated through the stratosphere for almost 3 hours during the storm, gathering radiation data for the students' monitoring program. The Mooncat comes with a greeting card showing the pendant in flight and explaining the radiation experiment.

The students of Earth to Sky Calculus are selling space jewelry to support their cosmic ray ballooning program. Don't wait for Christmas--get yours now!

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

Realtime Noctilucent Cloud Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Sep 24, 2024, the network reported 13 fireballs.
(13 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On September 25, 2024 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2022 SW3
2024-Sep-19
6.6 LD
9.2
37
2015 SH
2024-Sep-19
11.6 LD
5.9
9
2024 RJ1
2024-Sep-20
15.4 LD
8.9
42
2024 RD15
2024-Sep-20
18.7 LD
8.2
16
2024 RH14
2024-Sep-20
7.2 LD
11.7
21
2024 RB10
2024-Sep-20
19 LD
12.8
73
2024 QV5
2024-Sep-20
13.9 LD
10.6
35
2024 RB22
2024-Sep-20
8.6 LD
2.8
44
2023 RX1
2024-Sep-20
10.1 LD
1.1
3
2018 VG
2024-Sep-20
13.4 LD
7.3
12
2024 RY15
2024-Sep-21
2.3 LD
13.6
28
2024 SD
2024-Sep-21
0.3 LD
13.9
7
2024 RZ21
2024-Sep-21
11.7 LD
18
35
2024 SH
2024-Sep-23
16.3 LD
11.7
41
2020 GE
2024-Sep-24
1.7 LD
2.2
8
2024 RO11
2024-Sep-24
19.2 LD
19.1
39
2024 SG
2024-Sep-25
2.9 LD
8.9
15
2024 RK7
2024-Sep-25
17.8 LD
6.3
32
2024 SF
2024-Sep-25
12.1 LD
23.1
56
2024 RW25
2024-Sep-27
16.1 LD
9.8
26
2024 RP15
2024-Sep-27
17.6 LD
9.9
29
2011 ST12
2024-Sep-27
17.6 LD
7.4
19
2024 SE
2024-Sep-28
7.6 LD
10.9
45
2024 SC
2024-Sep-30
4.2 LD
17.7
95
2024 RN15
2024-Oct-01
8.4 LD
7.2
29
2024 RH45
2024-Oct-01
5 LD
8.1
39
2024 RO2
2024-Oct-02
4.2 LD
9.2
36
2024 RJ16
2024-Oct-02
18.2 LD
6.9
24
2024 RJ32
2024-Oct-05
7.7 LD
6.6
45
2023 GM1
2024-Oct-05
15.4 LD
5.2
13
2014 VA
2024-Oct-05
18.1 LD
6.3
46
2022 SU21
2024-Oct-06
17.5 LD
21.1
45
671076
2024-Oct-07
12.8 LD
8.6
120
2016 JG38
2024-Oct-08
13.2 LD
12
56
2018 QE
2024-Oct-09
1.7 LD
4.4
10
363027
2024-Oct-12
9.3 LD
16.6
419
2020 GE1
2024-Oct-12
20.1 LD
4.3
14
2022 UX1
2024-Oct-12
19.9 LD
9.9
9
2008 UU95
2024-Oct-12
13.5 LD
15.6
66
2021 TK11
2024-Oct-14
8 LD
10.6
7
2022 TB41
2024-Oct-15
10 LD
6
4
2019 UH14
2024-Oct-17
8.3 LD
10.4
62
2015 HM1
2024-Oct-24
14.4 LD
10.9
32
363305
2024-Oct-24
11.8 LD
4.9
186
2021 UE2
2024-Oct-24
13.6 LD
7.1
40
2023 TG14
2024-Oct-24
6.6 LD
6.9
24
2007 UT3
2024-Oct-26
17.7 LD
10.4
23
2020 WG
2024-Oct-28
8.7 LD
9.4
160
2021 CV1
2024-Oct-30
14.4 LD
23.6
38
2023 KX3
2024-Oct-31
18.8 LD
2.4
25
2022 UD21
2024-Oct-31
11.4 LD
11.8
27
2016 VA
2024-Nov-01
1.5 LD
21.2
11
2023 VS
2024-Nov-04
15.2 LD
4.3
4
2022 JM
2024-Nov-06
19.7 LD
6.2
6
2019 WB7
2024-Nov-11
17.3 LD
5.7
47
2020 UL3
2024-Nov-12
4.1 LD
10.5
81
2020 AB2
2024-Nov-13
18.9 LD
7.2
14
2019 VU5
2024-Nov-14
12 LD
23.3
46
2019 VL5
2024-Nov-14
9.6 LD
8.5
24
2023 WK3
2024-Nov-18
16.1 LD
14.5
272
2012 KO11
2024-Nov-20
6.2 LD
9.4
43
2020 VX4
2024-Nov-20
10.5 LD
10.5
11
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics.
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

Spaceweather.com welcomes these supporters of science communication: RV Sales and Arizona Web Design & SEO and Dentist in Phoenix, AZand Plan B Facility Services | Pest Control in Phoenix | HVAC repair in South Jersey 

To get the best views of the cosmos, check out the Phoenix Window Glass Replacement experts for all your window and glass needs
Got a chipped or cracked windshield that prevents you from seeing space weather events while driving? Get windshield replacement from SR Windows & Glass with free mobile auto glass service anywhere in the Phoenix area.
NASA Near Earth Asteroid Home Page

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T CrB NOVA WATCH
today: m=10.0 (Sep 25.2)
yesterday: m=10.0
more: AAVSO data | sky map

Explanation: When the nova explodes, the visual magnitude of the star (m) will jump from +10 (invisible to the naked eye) to +2 (about as bright as the North Star).



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