Solar wind
speed: 399.1 km/sec
density: 1.9 protons/cm3
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at 0506 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: A9 0129 UT Feb20
24-hr: A9 1052 UT Feb19
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 0500 UT
Daily Sun: 19 Feb 20
The sun is blank -- no sunspots. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 0
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 19 Feb 2020

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 17 days
2020 total: 33 days (66%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)
Updated 19 Feb 2020

Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 3.61x1010 W Cold
Max: 49.4x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 19 Feb 2020

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 71 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 19 Feb 2020

Cosmic Rays Solar minimum is underway. The sun's magnetic field is weak, allowing extra cosmic rays into the solar system. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth in 2019 are near a Space Age peak.

Oulu Neutron Counts
Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: +10.4% Very High
7-day change: +0.4%
Max: +11.7% Very High (12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 19 Feb 2020 @ 1600 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 2 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 4 unsettled
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 4.0 nT
Bz: -2.0 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0506 UT
Coronal Holes: 19 Feb 20

Solar wind flowing from this southern coronal hole could graze Earth's magnetic field on Feb. 20th or 21st. Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds The southern hemisphere season for noctilucent clouds began on Nov. 15th--the earliest start in recorded history. Check here for daily images from NASA's AIM spacecraft.
Switch view: Europe, USA, Asia, Polar
Updated at: 02-17-2020 18:55:04 UT
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2020 Feb 19 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
01 %
01 %
CLASS X
01 %
01 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2020 Feb 19 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
40 %
20 %
MINOR
15 %
05 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
10 %
15 %
MINOR
25 %
25 %
SEVERE
55 %
25 %
 
Thursday, Feb. 20, 2020
What's up in space
       
 

Solar minimum is here - but even now strangely beautiful auroras are dancing around the poles. Deep inside the Arctic Circle, the expert guides of Aurora Holidays in Utsjoki, Finland, can help you chase them. Book now!

 

SUBSIDING GEOMAGNETIC STORM: A G1-class geomagnetic storm that began during the early hours of Feb. 19th when Earth entered a high-speed solar wind stream is now subsiding. Arctic sky watchers should remain alert for occasional bright auroras as the event fitfully peters out. Aurora alerts: SMS Text.

MAGNETIC CRACK SPARKS RARE BLUE AURORAS: Yes, there really are cracks in Earth's magnetic field. One of them opened on Feb. 18th, sparking some of the strangest auroras in years. First, the night sky turned blue over the Lofoten Islands of Norway:

"After snow, sleet, and heavy wind all day, the clouds parted for a 2 hour display of spectacular pale green, blue, and purple auroras over the mountains of Reine," says photographer Matthew Steinberg.

Blue auroras are rare. Auroras are usually green, and sometimes red. Those are the colors produced by oxygen when it is excited by electrons raining down from space. Blue is a sign of nitrogen. Energetic particles striking ionized molecular nitrogen (N2+) at very high altitudes (> 400 km) produces a cold azure glow of the type captured in Steinberg's photo. Usually the blue is faint, but on Feb. 18th it was strangely intense.

Next, the auroras turned green again. But they were strangely shaped. This was the view from Tromsø, Norway:

"I couldn't believe my eyes," says photographer Markus Varik, a longtime aurora tour guide who previously thought he had seen it all. "This strange rippling band formation unfolded overhead. It was so different than the usual aurora arcs. Truly magic! Let's hope for some more strange shapes tomorrow!"

Indeed, it could happen. A G1-class geomagnetic storm is underway, and more Arctic auroras are in the offing. Stay tuned. Aurora alerts: SMS Text.

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

A GIFT FROM THE EDGE OF SPACE: Every time the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launch cosmic ray sensors to the stratosphere, they send a little something extra along for the ride. For example, this Northern Lights pendant:

On Dec. 6, 2019, it flew 107,612 feet above the rugged Sierra Nevada mountains of central California.

You can have it for $129.95. The students are selling these pendants as a fund-raiser for their cosmic ray monitoring program. They make great anniversary, birthday and Mother's Day gifts. Each pendant comes with a greeting card showing the jewelry in flight and telling the story of its journey to the stratosphere and back again.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education

Realtime Spaceweather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Feb. 18, 2020, the network reported 14 fireballs.
(14 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On February 20, 2020 there were 2018 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2020 CQ2
2020-Feb-14
0.4 LD
8
7
2020 DK1
2020-Feb-14
15.2 LD
5.6
15
2020 DL
2020-Feb-15
10.4 LD
17.3
29
2020 DD1
2020-Feb-15
15.9 LD
7.9
14
2020 DE1
2020-Feb-15
14.7 LD
5.2
10
2020 DK
2020-Feb-15
12.4 LD
9.7
22
2020 DU1
2020-Feb-15
3 LD
32.1
17
163373
2020-Feb-15
15.1 LD
15.2
589
2020 DX1
2020-Feb-16
16.9 LD
6.9
19
2020 BL14
2020-Feb-16
18.1 LD
8.8
33
2020 CR2
2020-Feb-16
3.1 LD
21.8
12
2020 CG2
2020-Feb-17
2.3 LD
8.7
47
2020 DO
2020-Feb-17
10.6 LD
4.6
15
2020 CK1
2020-Feb-17
8.6 LD
8.1
17
2018 CW2
2020-Feb-17
6.3 LD
10.2
28
2020 DB
2020-Feb-18
3.8 LD
21.7
16
2020 DA1
2020-Feb-18
0.5 LD
19.1
4
2020 BA10
2020-Feb-18
12.3 LD
9
29
2020 DW
2020-Feb-18
0.6 LD
4
3
2020 DD
2020-Feb-18
2.5 LD
38.7
70
2020 CX1
2020-Feb-19
14.1 LD
7.9
54
2020 DA
2020-Feb-19
7.9 LD
10.4
54
2020 BL7
2020-Feb-19
13.9 LD
8.5
36
2020 CO2
2020-Feb-19
3.9 LD
15.4
17
2020 CU2
2020-Feb-19
13.2 LD
8.3
12
2020 BC9
2020-Feb-20
13.9 LD
9.3
77
2020 DE
2020-Feb-20
3.5 LD
9.7
14
2019 BE5
2020-Feb-20
13.7 LD
14.8
34
2020 CP2
2020-Feb-20
5 LD
21
28
2020 DC
2020-Feb-20
5.9 LD
5
16
2020 DZ
2020-Feb-20
1.5 LD
11.2
7
2020 DG1
2020-Feb-21
13.7 LD
24
44
2020 DJ
2020-Feb-22
9.3 LD
3.5
22
2020 DR
2020-Feb-22
5.6 LD
11.4
18
2020 DC1
2020-Feb-22
13.9 LD
26.8
31
2011 DR
2020-Feb-23
14.7 LD
5.8
25
2016 CO246
2020-Feb-23
18.4 LD
5.9
25
2020 CY2
2020-Feb-23
11.2 LD
3.8
11
2020 BR10
2020-Feb-23
15.4 LD
15.1
100
2020 DW1
2020-Feb-23
6.8 LD
7
12
2020 BW13
2020-Feb-24
9.1 LD
2.4
12
2012 DS30
2020-Feb-26
12.3 LD
5.4
22
2015 BK509
2020-Feb-29
18.7 LD
12.5
118
2020 DV1
2020-Feb-29
10.5 LD
15.6
53
2017 BM123
2020-Mar-01
10.5 LD
8.1
65
2018 RF6
2020-Mar-10
11.2 LD
12.6
36
2020 CA3
2020-Mar-10
13.8 LD
6.3
30
2008 UB95
2020-Mar-11
18.5 LD
7.6
41
2018 GY
2020-Mar-15
6.2 LD
9.5
39
2012 XA133
2020-Mar-27
17.4 LD
23.7
235
2010 GD35
2020-Mar-29
15.3 LD
12
43
2006 FH36
2020-Mar-30
11.3 LD
5.1
93
2019 GM1
2020-Apr-02
9 LD
4.2
14
2015 FC35
2020-Apr-04
10.5 LD
13.8
148
2019 HM
2020-Apr-10
7.2 LD
3.2
23
363599
2020-Apr-11
19.2 LD
24.5
224
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SOMETHING NEW! We have developed a new predictive model of aviation radiation. It's called E-RAD--short for Empirical RADiation model. We are constantly flying radiation sensors onboard airplanes over the US and and around the world, so far collecting more than 22,000 gps-tagged radiation measurements. Using this unique dataset, we can predict the dosage on any flight over the USA with an error no worse than 15%.

E-RAD lets us do something new: Every day we monitor approximately 1400 flights criss-crossing the 10 busiest routes in the continental USA. Typically, this includes more than 80,000 passengers per day. E-RAD calculates the radiation exposure for every single flight.

The Hot Flights Table is a daily summary of these calculations. It shows the 5 charter flights with the highest dose rates; the 5 commercial flights with the highest dose rates; 5 commercial flights with near-average dose rates; and the 5 commercial flights with the lowest dose rates. Passengers typically experience dose rates that are 20 to 70 times higher than natural radiation at sea level.

To measure radiation on airplanes, we use the same sensors we fly to the stratosphere onboard Earth to Sky Calculus cosmic ray balloons: neutron bubble chambers and X-ray/gamma-ray Geiger tubes sensitive to energies between 10 keV and 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Column definitions: (1) The flight number; (2) The maximum dose rate during the flight, expressed in units of natural radiation at sea level; (3) The maximum altitude of the plane in feet above sea level; (4) Departure city; (5) Arrival city; (6) Duration of the flight.

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Approximately once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with radiation sensors that detect cosmic rays, a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. Cosmic rays can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. Furthermore, there are studies ( #1, #2, #3, #4) linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the general population. Our latest measurements show that cosmic rays are intensifying, with an increase of more than 18% since 2015:

The data points in the graph above correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Reneger and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes:

In this plot, dose rates are expessed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x.

The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Why are cosmic rays intensifying? The main reason is the sun. Solar storm clouds such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays when they pass by Earth. During Solar Maximum, CMEs are abundant and cosmic rays are held at bay. Now, however, the solar cycle is swinging toward Solar Minimum, allowing cosmic rays to return. Another reason could be the weakening of Earth's magnetic field, which helps protect us from deep-space radiation.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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