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Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp=
2 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 2 quiet
explanation | more
data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 3.16 nT
Bz: -0.32 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 0316 UT
Coronal Holes: 24 May 22
Solar wind flowing from these coronal holes should reach Earth on May 27-28. Credit: SDO/AIA
Noctilucent Clouds
NASA's AIM spacecraft has started monitoring the north pole for signs of noctilucent clouds. The first NLCs of the season are expected to appear in mid-May.
Switch view: Europe, USA, Asia, Polar
Updated
May24
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts |
|
Updated at: 2022 May 23 2200 UTC
FLARE |
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
CLASS M |
40
% |
35
% |
CLASS X |
05
% |
05
% |
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant
disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor
storm, severe
storm
Updated at: 2022 May 23 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
10
% |
10
% |
MINOR |
01
% |
01
% |
SEVERE |
01
% |
01
% |
High latitudes
|
0-24
hr |
24-48
hr |
ACTIVE |
15
% |
15
% |
MINOR |
20
% |
20
% |
SEVERE |
15
% |
15
% |
|
|
|
 |
|
|
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Never miss another geomagnetic storm. Sign up for Space Weather Alerts and you'll receive a text message when magnetic storms erupt. Aurora your guides and professional astronomers use this service. You can, too!
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DID A COLD INTERSTELLAR CLOUD HIT THE SOLAR SYSTEM? A new research paper by Merav Opher (Boston University) and Abraham Loeb (Harvard University) suggests that a cold interstellar cloud of gas hit the Solar System two million years ago. The impact compressed the heliosphere, making it much smaller than Earth's orbit. Our planet was completely exposed to interstellar space and a blizzard of galactic cosmic rays. If this really happened, it would have altered space weather, terrestrial climate, and possibly even human evolution. Read the preprint here.
AURORA FROTH OVER MINNESOTA: No solar flares. No CMEs. No problem. Yesterday morning in Minnesota, auroras appeared unprompted by a solar storm. Greg Ash photographed the display from Ely, MN:
"As the Moon was rising, purple pillars slowly danced across the sky," says Ash. "I could hear the owl’s hooting in the distance with beautiful star reflections in the water. It's hard to believe the planetary K-index (Kp) was only 1."
Indeed, there was no planetary geomagnetic storm. Instead, a pulse of energetic particles squirted out of Earth's magnetic tail, igniting a local display over Minnesota. This kind of event is a sign that Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying. For months, Earth's magnetic field has been buffeted by streams of solar wind and passing CMEs. Each impact adds a little energy. Over time, this process revs up the magnetosphere, turning the space around our planet into a churn of non-stop activity. This morning, Ash saw the froth. Stay tuned for more. Aurora alerts: SMS Text
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
MONSTER SUNSPOT: The biggest sunspot of Solar Cycle 25 is crossing the face of the sun--and it's a beauty. Or a monster. Decide for yourself. Luigi Morrone sends this picture of AR3014 from the Amalfitan Coast of Italy:
The primary dark cores of AR3014 are all wider than Earth. The entire ensemble stretches more than 125,000 km from end to end--almost a third of the distance between Earth and the Moon. These dimensions make it an easy target for safely-filtered backyard telescopes. (Morrone used a Baader Astrosolar filter attached to a Celestron 14-inch telescope.)
You don't have a filter? Try the projection technique, instead. Beautiful results are guaranteed.
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
MR. SPOCK BEER COZY: It's the logical way to keep your drink cool--a Mr. Spock beer cozy. This one has been to the edge of space. It hitched a ride onboard an Earth to Sky Calculus cosmic ray research balloon on May 21, 2022:
You can have it for $99.95. The students are selling beer cozies (beer not included) to support their cosmic ray ballooning program. They make great Father's Day and birthday gifts. Each one comes with greeting card showing the cozy in flight, and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter
Every night, a network
of NASA
all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United
States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software
maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office
calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth
in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics.
Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On May 23, 2022, the network reported 6 fireballs.
(6 sporadics)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue).
[Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids ( PHAs)
are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that
can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the
known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet,
although astronomers are finding new
ones all the time.
On May 24, 2022 there were 2279 potentially hazardous asteroids.
 |
Recent
& Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
| Asteroid |
Date(UT) |
Miss Distance |
Velocity (km/s) |
Diameter (m) |
| 2022 KG |
2022-May-18 |
6.9 LD |
9.2 |
26 |
| 2021 WY |
2022-May-18 |
16.9 LD |
9 |
65 |
| 2022 JQ1 |
2022-May-19 |
11.5 LD |
4.9 |
22 |
| 2022 KP |
2022-May-19 |
2.3 LD |
26.2 |
12 |
| 2022 HD1 |
2022-May-20 |
15.3 LD |
6.8 |
60 |
| 2022 KH |
2022-May-22 |
3.8 LD |
15.8 |
29 |
| 2013 KS1 |
2022-May-24 |
2.6 LD |
9.3 |
16 |
| 2022 KJ |
2022-May-24 |
9.6 LD |
14.2 |
22 |
| 2022 KK |
2022-May-25 |
1.4 LD |
14.2 |
14 |
| 7335 |
2022-May-27 |
10.5 LD |
13.1 |
1078 |
| 2022 JU1 |
2022-May-27 |
15.1 LD |
6.1 |
37 |
| 2022 KA |
2022-May-28 |
14.8 LD |
8.6 |
32 |
| 2022 JY |
2022-May-28 |
15.1 LD |
10.9 |
67 |
| 2022 KT |
2022-May-28 |
9.5 LD |
6.7 |
13 |
| 2021 KO2 |
2022-May-30 |
3.1 LD |
14.8 |
9 |
| 2022 HT2 |
2022-May-30 |
11.9 LD |
15.7 |
224 |
| 2020 DA4 |
2022-Jun-01 |
5.5 LD |
8.9 |
26 |
| 2021 GT2 |
2022-Jun-06 |
9.5 LD |
7.5 |
50 |
| 2018 LU2 |
2022-Jun-09 |
14.8 LD |
10.7 |
16 |
| 2006 XW4 |
2022-Jun-12 |
5.9 LD |
7.3 |
49 |
| 2022 GU6 |
2022-Jun-12 |
3.2 LD |
8.4 |
88 |
| 2015 WP2 |
2022-Jun-26 |
18.5 LD |
11.4 |
3 |
| 2022 JE1 |
2022-Jul-03 |
8.6 LD |
5.6 |
74 |
| 2021 EL4 |
2022-Jul-05 |
19.8 LD |
9.5 |
25 |
| 2015 OQ21 |
2022-Jul-12 |
18.3 LD |
6.6 |
9 |
| 2021 OT |
2022-Jul-17 |
16.5 LD |
11.2 |
20 |
| 349068 |
2022-Jul-19 |
17.6 LD |
22.9 |
756 |
Notes: LD means
"Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance
between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256
AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on
the date of closest approach.
| |
Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:
This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century. It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.
We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset.
En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:
The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| |
The
official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| |
The
first place to look for information about sundogs,
pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| |
Researchers
call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO
is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| |
3D
views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial
Relations Observatory |
| |
Realtime
and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| |
information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| |
from
the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| |
from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
the
underlying science of space weather |
 |
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