Solar wind
speed: 435.6 km/sec
density: 1.54 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1137 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: C2 2012 UT Jan13
24-hr: C8 0215 UT Jan13
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2340 UT
Daily Sun: 13 Jan 25
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
Big new sunspot AR3959 appears to have a simple/stable magnetic field unlikely to explode. Photo credit: NASA/SDO

Sunspot number: 99
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 13 Jan 2025

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2024 total: 0 days (0%)
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)
Updated 13 Jan 2025

Thermosphere Climate Index
 today: 25.07x1010 W Warm
Max: 49.4x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 12 Jan 2025

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 158 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 13 Jan 2025

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts
Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -6.2% Low
48-hr change: +0.4%
Max: +11.7% Very High (12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 12 Jan 2025 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 2.67 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 4.00 unsettled
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 6.05 nT
Bz: -1.20 nT south
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1137 UT
Coronal Holes: 13 Jan 25

Solar wind flowing from this coronal hole could reach Earth on Jan. 18-19. Credit: NASA/SDO | more data

Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:

On Jan 11, 2025, the Arctic stratosphere is cold enough for Type II clouds. | more data.

Noctilucent Clouds
The southern season for noctilucent clouds (NLCs) is underway!. The first clouds were detected over Antarctica on Nov. 19, 2024. Here is the current NLC map from the NOAA 21 satellite.

noctilucent clouds
Updated: Jan. 09, 2025

An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). In the daily map, above, each dot is a detected cloud. As the season progresses, these dots will multiply in number and shift in hue from blue to red as the brightness of the clouds intensifies.

SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2025 Jan 13 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
40 %
40 %
CLASS X
10 %
10 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2025 Jan 13 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
20 %
MINOR
05 %
05 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
25 %
25 %
SEVERE
25 %
30 %
 
Monday, Jan. 13, 2025
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, but frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

LUNAR OCCULTATION OF MARS--TONIGHT: It's the must-see backyard astronomy event of 2025 (so far). On Monday night, Jan. 13th, the full Moon will pass directly in front of Mars for a lunar occultation visible across North America. Check this infographic from the Astronomical League for observing times and tips. And submit your photos here!

COMET ATLAS IS BUZZING THE SUN: Sungrazing Comet ATLAS (C/2024 G3) is making its closest approach to the sun today. Coronagraphs onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) are recording the encounter. So far, the comet looks big, healthy and intact:

Right now the comet is only 0.09 AU from the sun. If it survives the heat, Comet ATLAS will emerge from the glare later this week as a potentially naked-eye object in the evening sky. Southern hemisphere observers are favored, but many northerners will be able to see it, too. Read "Prospects for C/2024 G3 (ATLAS)" by Nick James for observing tips.

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

A COMET IN BROAD DAYLIGHT: You don't see this very often. "Here is the comet at 11am in the morning only 5 degrees from the sun," says Chris Schur, who sends this picture from Payson, Arizona:

This is Comet ATLAS (C/2024 G3), plunging toward the sun for a very close encounter on Monday, Jan. 13th. It is currently ten times closer to the sun than Earth, and deep inside the orbit of Mercury.

"I used a special baffle tube to block sunlight from entering the tube of my 10-inch telescope," says Schur. "Observing a comet this close to the sun is dangerous, and should only be attempted by experienced observers."

Lorenzo Comolli photographed the comet at midday from Tradate, Italy:

"I pointed the telescope to the sun using an Astrosolar filter," says Comolli . "After synching the mount, I shifted to the comet's coordinates 6° from the sun, removed the solar filter and--WOW--the comet was visible with a small tail right in the field center!"

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

"ALWAYS AND FOREVER" RUBY HEART PENDANT: Are you looking for a far out Valentine's Day gift? Consider the Always and Forever Space Pendent. The students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched it to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon:

You can have it for $219.95. Engraved with the words "I love you always and forever", this sterling silver pendant has a heart-shaped ruby crystal in the middle surrouunded by a ring of glittering 5A cubic zirconia nuggets. It is a visually striking necklace perfect for Valentine's Day, anniversaries, or romantic birthdays. 

The students are selling space pendants to pay the helium bill for their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the jewelry in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
Free: Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Jan 12, 2025, the network reported 7 fireballs.
(7 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On January 13, 2025 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2024 YA10
2025-Jan-08
8.9 LD
12
21
2024 BM1
2025-Jan-08
11.5 LD
9.1
22
2024 PT5
2025-Jan-09
4.7 LD
1
12
2024 YD13
2025-Jan-09
14.6 LD
7.3
24
2025 AU3
2025-Jan-09
8.3 LD
19.5
30
2023 OS3
2025-Jan-09
19.9 LD
3.1
10
2024 YW9
2025-Jan-09
2.7 LD
7.8
20
2008 AU28
2025-Jan-09
12.6 LD
10.8
39
2024 YD5
2025-Jan-10
15.1 LD
7.2
20
2012 UK171
2025-Jan-11
10.7 LD
6.4
46
2025 AV2
2025-Jan-11
7.8 LD
16.9
21
2025 AZ3
2025-Jan-11
0.6 LD
8.2
23
2025 AF1
2025-Jan-11
4.7 LD
4.9
10
2024 YZ12
2025-Jan-12
3.2 LD
8.5
17
2025 AK3
2025-Jan-12
13.4 LD
7.5
21
2022 EE6
2025-Jan-13
15.5 LD
8.7
45
2025 AX2
2025-Jan-13
8.2 LD
10.4
15
2005 YU128
2025-Jan-14
19.1 LD
7
31
2025 AS
2025-Jan-14
16.1 LD
9.2
46
2024 YX5
2025-Jan-14
11.7 LD
10.6
25
2023 OS
2025-Jan-15
16.5 LD
10.9
48
2022 CE2
2025-Jan-16
11.1 LD
13.3
120
2024 YF2
2025-Jan-17
4.4 LD
4.4
17
2025 AO2
2025-Jan-17
2 LD
10.3
19
2025 AF
2025-Jan-17
19.8 LD
8.8
35
2022 OB5
2025-Jan-18
8.9 LD
1.4
6
2024 YB10
2025-Jan-18
15.1 LD
2.5
16
2024 WY70
2025-Jan-18
16.5 LD
10.2
261
2024 YQ5
2025-Jan-19
17.6 LD
5
29
2025 AY2
2025-Jan-20
17.7 LD
23.3
71
2024 YY5
2025-Jan-26
12.5 LD
2.4
14
2022 BX6
2025-Jan-28
19.7 LD
14.3
24
2015 DJ155
2025-Jan-31
18.6 LD
9.2
56
2018 RE3
2025-Feb-03
15.5 LD
11.1
12
2022 AV4
2025-Feb-03
16.9 LD
3.4
25
2002 CC14
2025-Feb-04
8.4 LD
12.7
39
2016 CO248
2025-Feb-07
13.5 LD
5.9
11
2020 GZ2
2025-Feb-07
17.7 LD
8.9
9
2022 PK1
2025-Feb-07
15 LD
11
33
2012 PB20
2025-Feb-09
3.5 LD
4.3
37
2004 XG
2025-Feb-16
15.6 LD
9.1
54
2024 UD26
2025-Feb-16
16.8 LD
9.3
250
2014 CE13
2025-Feb-18
15.2 LD
18.4
55
2022 DG2
2025-Feb-19
11.5 LD
10.4
7
2016 AX165
2025-Feb-20
14.9 LD
9.2
89
2015 BK509
2025-Feb-25
9.4 LD
14.6
119
2023 RW3
2025-Feb-25
7.4 LD
5.1
18
535844
2025-Mar-05
9.6 LD
7.9
149
2021 EU3
2025-Mar-10
10.7 LD
4.4
13
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 10 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (Nov. 2024): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2024. Our latest measurements in November registered a 10-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics.
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

Spaceweather.com welcomes these supporters of science communication: RV Sales and Arizona Web Design & SEO and Dentist in Phoenix, AZand Commercial Cleaning Phoenix | Pest Control in Phoenix | HVAC repair in South Jersey | Dental implants New Jersey | Dental Implants New Jersey

To get the best views of the cosmos, check out the Phoenix Window Glass Replacement experts for all your window and glass needs
Got a chipped or cracked windshield that prevents you from seeing space weather events while driving? Get windshield replacement from SR Windows & Glass with free mobile auto glass service anywhere in the Phoenix area.
NASA Near Earth Asteroid Home Page

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T CrB NOVA WATCH
today: m=9.9 (Jan 13.8)
yesterday: m=10.0
more: AAVSO data

Explanation: When the nova explodes, the visual magnitude of the star (m) will jump from +10 (invisible to the naked eye) to +2 (about as bright as the North Star).



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