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BIG SUNSPOT ALERT: In the sun's southern hemisphere, a large sunspot is turning toward Earth: movie. Sunspot 4197 is about 1/3rd the size of Carrington's sunspot. It looks even bigger though, because it is surrounded by a coterie of smaller spots. The crowd has a complex magnetic field that poses a threat for X-class solar flares. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text
SUNSPOTS AT SUNSET: Sunspot 4197 is so large, it's altering the appearance of the setting sun. On Aug. 27th, Wolfgang Ott photographed the phenomenon as the sun dipped into the North Sea near St. Peter Ording, Germany:
"We were treated to a beautiful sunset this evening," says Ott. "The individual sunspot groups were easy to recognize."
The solar disk itself looks unusual--slightly squashed, almost egg-shaped. This is an effect of refraction. Thick layers of air near the horizon bend sunlight unevenly, distorting the sun’s outline.
The same thick air that deforms the sun also dims it, making the sunspots easier to see. However, don't let that lure you into staring. Even a dim sun can hurt your eyes, especially when it is magnified by optics. If you want to photograph the sunset as Ott did, please use the camera's LCD screen for safe viewfinding.
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IS 3I/ATLAS REALLY A COMET? The most intriguing mystery in astronomy today is the nature of interstellar object 3I/ATLAS. Most astronomers believe it is a comet. However, Avi Loeb of Harvard University famously makes the case that it might be something else--like alien tech.
Into this debate comes new data from the James Webb Space Telescope. A paper just submitted to the Astrophysical Journal Letters reports that 3I/ATLAS looks like a comet, albeit a strange one. Here are the images from JWST:
Above: These JWST images show the distribution of carbon dioxide (panel b), water (panel c) and carbon monoxide (panel d). Most of the light is coming from CO2.
The infrared space telescope found most of the ingredients we expect to find in comets. There's a fuzzy coma, volatile ices, and all the usual molecules: water (H20), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO). If 3I/ATLAS is a spacecraft, it has an uncanny disguise.
However, there's also something strange. The ratios of the different molecules are quite unexpected and don't match what we see in Solar System comets. In particular, the CO2/H20 ratio of 8 ± 1 is extremely high. Only one other comet, C/2016 R2, is known to have similar chemistry, and astronomers have long considered it to be a "freak."
Above: Carbon dioxide-to-water ratios in known comets. 3I/ATLAS does not fit the trend.
Typical comets have a lot more water in their atmospheres, with H20 almost always outnumbering CO2. It could be that water production in 3I/ATLAS has not yet fully "turned on" because it is still too cold. If so, solar heating might restore ratios to normal. 3I/ATLAS will reach its closest point to the sun (1.36 AU) on Oct. 29, 2025, potentially bringing forth a geyser of water vapor to mix with the other gases.
Or, maybe, 3I/ATLAS is just strange--like it came from another star system. Stay tuned for updates.
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LITTLE GREEN SANTA ORNAMENT: You can't buy this on Amazon: The Little Green Santa Christmas Ornamant is only available from the Earth to Sky Store. On Aug. 22, 2025, it flew to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon:
You can have it for $99.95. Hand-sculpted in the USA, this humorous ornament shows Santa arriving from the North Pole of a distant planet. Durable polyresin construction makes it lightweight enough to hang on any tree, but sturdy enough to last for many Christmases to come.
The students are selling space ornaments to pay the helium bill for their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the ornament in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education
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Every night, a network
of
NASA
all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United
States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software
maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office
calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth
in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics.
Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Aug 26, 2025, the network reported 10 fireballs.
(9 sporadics, 1 kappa Cygnid)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue).
[Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (
PHAs)
are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that
can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the
known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet,
although astronomers are finding
new
ones all the time.
On August 28, 2025 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
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Recent
& Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
| Asteroid |
Date(UT) |
Miss Distance |
Velocity (km/s) |
Diameter (m) |
| 2025 QB4 |
2025-Aug-22 |
2 LD |
13.7 |
8 |
| 2025 QV4 |
2025-Aug-22 |
4.2 LD |
16.7 |
32 |
| 2025 QY |
2025-Aug-22 |
7.5 LD |
7.8 |
15 |
| 2023 PX |
2025-Aug-22 |
2.4 LD |
8.3 |
23 |
| 2025 QE4 |
2025-Aug-22 |
1.3 LD |
6.4 |
10 |
| 2025 QE2 |
2025-Aug-22 |
17.1 LD |
7.2 |
35 |
| 2025 QA5 |
2025-Aug-23 |
2.6 LD |
8 |
10 |
| 2025 PR |
2025-Aug-23 |
17.6 LD |
3.4 |
22 |
| 2025 QF4 |
2025-Aug-23 |
4.2 LD |
10.7 |
12 |
| 2019 QQ6 |
2025-Aug-24 |
9.4 LD |
17.2 |
31 |
| 2025 QV3 |
2025-Aug-25 |
9.9 LD |
6.2 |
11 |
| 2025 QB3 |
2025-Aug-26 |
19.1 LD |
7 |
21 |
| 2025 QK3 |
2025-Aug-26 |
11.7 LD |
12.7 |
37 |
| 2025 QB5 |
2025-Aug-26 |
11.7 LD |
4.8 |
26 |
| 2025 QC1 |
2025-Aug-27 |
4.2 LD |
9.4 |
21 |
| 2025 PM2 |
2025-Aug-27 |
9.7 LD |
18.5 |
59 |
| 2025 QX4 |
2025-Aug-27 |
3.7 LD |
6.9 |
24 |
| 2025 PX |
2025-Aug-29 |
16.5 LD |
7 |
53 |
| 2025 QY4 |
2025-Aug-29 |
11.8 LD |
13.5 |
57 |
| 2017 RK15 |
2025-Aug-29 |
15.8 LD |
13.2 |
26 |
| 2020 TS1 |
2025-Aug-29 |
17.8 LD |
3.3 |
5 |
| 1998 SH2 |
2025-Aug-30 |
8.1 LD |
17.3 |
246 |
| 2025 QK6 |
2025-Aug-30 |
2.8 LD |
21.5 |
15 |
| 2025 QO7 |
2025-Aug-31 |
0.7 LD |
8.2 |
17 |
| 2025 PJ3 |
2025-Sep-01 |
7.9 LD |
11.7 |
33 |
| 2025 QV5 |
2025-Sep-03 |
2.1 LD |
6.2 |
13 |
| 2025 QM6 |
2025-Sep-03 |
11 LD |
10.1 |
54 |
| 2025 PF3 |
2025-Sep-03 |
16.3 LD |
6.9 |
22 |
| 2025 OG1 |
2025-Sep-05 |
14.5 LD |
4.2 |
35 |
| 2019 JG1 |
2025-Sep-09 |
18.8 LD |
7.9 |
17 |
| 2025 QL7 |
2025-Sep-11 |
15.2 LD |
10.3 |
55 |
| 2009 FF |
2025-Sep-11 |
6.8 LD |
12.9 |
155 |
| 2025 QO1 |
2025-Sep-11 |
8.7 LD |
13.6 |
82 |
| 2015 SA |
2025-Sep-13 |
10.3 LD |
9.1 |
31 |
| 2022 SS2 |
2025-Sep-13 |
2.4 LD |
7.2 |
13 |
| 2025 QV6 |
2025-Sep-14 |
18.1 LD |
6.9 |
39 |
| 2025 QR1 |
2025-Sep-14 |
19.7 LD |
8.7 |
160 |
| 2025 FA22 |
2025-Sep-18 |
2.2 LD |
10.8 |
166 |
| 2025 PJ1 |
2025-Sep-21 |
11.6 LD |
11.9 |
131 |
| 2022 SW12 |
2025-Sep-23 |
15 LD |
17.6 |
210 |
| 2018 QT1 |
2025-Sep-23 |
13.1 LD |
12.7 |
138 |
| 2021 RN16 |
2025-Sep-23 |
10.1 LD |
8.8 |
7 |
| 2019 SF6 |
2025-Sep-28 |
20 LD |
8.4 |
20 |
| 152664 |
2025-Sep-29 |
10.1 LD |
18.6 |
412 |
| 2020 GE1 |
2025-Oct-02 |
13.7 LD |
4.7 |
14 |
| 2022 TU1 |
2025-Oct-08 |
16.9 LD |
12.9 |
10 |
| 2020 QU5 |
2025-Oct-09 |
7.1 LD |
13.6 |
26 |
| 2022 AY5 |
2025-Oct-14 |
7.4 LD |
8.4 |
5 |
| 2022 UY3 |
2025-Oct-15 |
10.2 LD |
7.4 |
15 |
| 2022 UU15 |
2025-Oct-19 |
14.8 LD |
16.1 |
34 |
| 2023 UK3 |
2025-Oct-21 |
6.7 LD |
9 |
5 |
| 2024 GD2 |
2025-Oct-22 |
17.8 LD |
4.2 |
28 |
| 2022 HM1 |
2025-Oct-23 |
15.1 LD |
13.3 |
27 |
| 2012 TP231 |
2025-Oct-25 |
15.2 LD |
6.7 |
37 |
Notes: LD means
"Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance
between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256
AU.
| |
Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 10 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2024): Atmospheric radiation is sharply decreasing in 2024. Our latest measurements in November registered a 10-year low:
What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
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The
official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| |
The
first place to look for information about sundogs,
pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| |
Researchers
call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO
is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| |
3D
views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial
Relations Observatory |
| |
Realtime
and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| |
information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
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current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics. |
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Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries |
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from
the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| |
from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| |
the
underlying science of space weather |
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Got a chipped or cracked windshield that prevents you from seeing space weather events while driving? Get windshield replacement from SR Windows & Glass with free mobile auto glass service anywhere in the Phoenix area. |
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