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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 349.5 km/sec
density: 4.19 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: C2
2201 UT Jun11
24-hr: C9
0443 UT Jun11
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 11 Jun 24
Expand: labels | no labels | Carrington
Sunspot AR3709 has a 'beta-gamma' magnetic field that harbors energy for M-class solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 146
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 11 Jun 2024

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2024 total: 0 days (0%)
2023 total: 0 days (0%)
2022 total: 1 day (<1%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 11 Jun 2024


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 28.19x1010 W Hot
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 11 Jun 2024

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 178 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 11 Jun 2024

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is intensifying, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: -4.1% Low
48-hr change: +0.2%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 11 Jun 2024 @ 0700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 1.00 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 4.00
unsettled
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 5.18 nT
Bz: 3.51 nT north
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 1146 UT
Coronal Holes: 11 Jun 24

There are no equatorial coronal holes on the Earthside of the sun.
Credit: SDO/AIA

Polar Stratospheric Clouds
Colorful Type II polar stratospheric clouds (PSC) form when the temperature in the stratosphere drops to a staggeringly low -85C. NASA's MERRA-2 climate model predicts when the air up there is cold enough:

On June 11, 2024, the Arctic stratosphere is much too warm for Type II polar stratospheric clouds. | more data.

Noctilucent Clouds
They're back! The northern season for NLCs is underway. The first clouds were detected inside the Arctic Circle on May 25, 2024, by the NOAA 21 satellite. The clouds have since spread, and now observers are seeing from the ground as well:

noctilucent clouds
Updated: June 9, 2024

An instrument onboard NOAA 21 (OMPS LP) is able to detect NLCs (also known as "polar mesospheric clouds" or PMCs). IN the daily map, above, each dot is a detected cloud. As the season progresses, these dots will multiply in number and shift in hue from blue to red as the brightness of the clouds intensifies.

SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2024 Jun 11 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
50 %
50 %
CLASS X
10 %
10 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2024 Jun 11 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
25 %
10 %
MINOR
05 %
01 %
SEVERE
01 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
15 %
15 %
MINOR
30 %
20 %
SEVERE
30 %
20 %
 
Tuesday, Jun. 11, 2024
What's up in space
       
 

This is an AI Free Zone! Text created by Large Language Models is spreading rapidly across the Internet. It's well-written, artificial, frequently inaccurate. If you find a mistake on Spaceweather.com, rest assured it was made by a real human being.

 

INEFFECTIVE CME IMPACT: As predicted, a CME struck Earth's magnetic field on June 10th (1725 UT). However, the weak impact was ineffective; it did not cause a geomagnetic storm. The CME was hurled into space by an M9.7-class flare from sunspot AR3664/3697 on June 8th. CME impact alerts: SMS Text

3 MILLON YEARS AGO, AN INTERSTELLAR CLOUD HIT EARTH: Today, Earth is in a safe space. Like all the other planets in the Solar System, it is cocooned within the sun's magnetic field--a giant bubble called "the heliosphere." The heliosphere protects us from dangerous things in the Galaxy like interstellar clouds and cosmic rays.

3 million years ago, the heliosphere may have collapsed. A new paper just published in Nature Astronomy argues that a dense cloud of gas hit the Solar System, compressing the heliosphere to a fraction of its usual size.

"Earth suddenly was outside the protective bubble," says the paper's lead author Merav Opher, a fellow at Harvard Radcliffe Institute and professor at Boston University. "Earth and all the planets were exposed to massive amounts of hydrogen, increased radiation, and interstellar dust."

Researchers have long wondered if something happened to Earth 2 to 3 million years ago. Deep-sea sediments, Antarctic snow, and lunar samples from that time period all contain extraterrestrial radioactive isotopes (iron-60 and plutonium-244). The peak is quite striking.

A nearby supernova might have peppered Earth with these substances, but Opher and colleagues had a different idea. In the constellation Lynx there is a ribbon-shaped cluster of dense interstellar clouds. Using a velocity model for the clouds, they found that the sun and at least one of the clouds may have crossed paths 2 to 3 million years ago

"We show that during the cloud's passage, the heliosphere shrinks to a scale of 0.22 AU, smaller than the Earth's orbit around the sun," says Opher. According to their simulation, the helioshere was compressed and stretched into a tadpole-like structure with Earth's orbit (red circle) on the outside:

There is some evidence that Earth cooled while it was outside the heliosphere. Deep in our oceans, fossils of tiny marine organisms known as foraminifera preserve ancient climate data. Oxygen isotopes in those fossils suggest the temperature dropped 2–3 million years ago. Could this be a result of interstellar gas and cosmic rays altering our atmosphere?

"This idea should be revisited with modern atmospheric modelling," the authors urge.

Eventually, the cloud passed and the heliosphere bounced back. "Earth was inside its protective bubble again," says Opher. It's a good place to be.

Want to learn more? Read the original research.

Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
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STERLING SILVER GEOMAGNETIC CAT: On May 10, 2024, a CME slammed into Earth's magnetic field, sparking the biggest geomagnetic storm in 35 years. Moments later, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched a cosmic ray balloon directly into the storm. The Geomagnetic Cat Pendant went along for the ride:

This sterling silver feline floated through the stratosphere for 3 hours during the storm, gathering radiation data for the students' monitoring program. Later, when the sun set and the sky grew dark, red and green auroras danced above the Sierra Nevada mountains of California where the balloon was launched.

You can have it for $219.95. The pendant comes with a greeting card showing the cat in flight and telling the story of its journey to the stratosphere and back. This is truly a once-in-a-lifetime gift.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


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  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Jun 11, 2024, the network reported 14 fireballs.
(13 sporadics, 1 Daytime Arietid)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On June 11, 2024 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2024 LE1
2024-Jun-06
9.8 LD
9.8
20
2024 LH1
2024-Jun-06
0 LD
17.4
2
2021 LW3
2024-Jun-06
9.7 LD
9.8
86
2024 KA1
2024-Jun-07
4.9 LD
8.3
30
2024 LA
2024-Jun-07
4.7 LD
18.3
25
2024 LC
2024-Jun-08
12.2 LD
8.7
27
2024 LW2
2024-Jun-08
4.4 LD
7.7
23
2024 LZ1
2024-Jun-09
4.1 LD
9.1
19
2024 CR9
2024-Jun-11
19.2 LD
7.4
451
2024 LD
2024-Jun-11
12.1 LD
10.7
21
2024 LV2
2024-Jun-11
12.3 LD
28.2
77
2022 XC1
2024-Jun-12
16.5 LD
6.5
21
2024 LZ2
2024-Jun-14
3.4 LD
20.2
21
2024 LL1
2024-Jun-15
5.2 LD
9.2
21
2024 LH3
2024-Jun-16
13 LD
6.1
48
2024 LU1
2024-Jun-17
4.8 LD
7.1
22
2022 WW11
2024-Jun-17
19.7 LD
14.4
15
2024 KW1
2024-Jun-17
19.9 LD
4
28
2024 KY1
2024-Jun-19
16.1 LD
12.2
36
2024 LO2
2024-Jun-21
14.2 LD
9.2
29
2024 LJ
2024-Jun-22
8.9 LD
18.5
70
2024 KN1
2024-Jun-23
14.7 LD
4.6
28
2024 KJ
2024-Jun-25
13.7 LD
4.5
25
2019 NJ
2024-Jun-27
17.2 LD
10.1
66
415029
2024-Jun-27
17.3 LD
25.9
2304
2022 MM1
2024-Jun-28
7.8 LD
10.9
39
2010 XN
2024-Jun-28
14.1 LD
11.3
52
2022 HD1
2024-Jun-29
17.3 LD
7.2
63
2017 MB3
2024-Jun-30
5 LD
6.5
30
2024 JJ25
2024-Jun-30
10.5 LD
9.4
117
2024 LJ2
2024-Jul-01
19.9 LD
10.4
86
2022 BY39
2024-Jul-02
13.2 LD
3
4
2024 LH
2024-Jul-02
4.4 LD
4.3
32
2024 KQ1
2024-Jul-04
14.9 LD
6.9
57
2022 YS5
2024-Jul-11
11 LD
5.8
38
2024 BY15
2024-Jul-16
16.2 LD
0.7
16
2024 LY2
2024-Jul-23
12 LD
7.8
89
2011 MW1
2024-Jul-25
10.1 LD
8
120
2011 AM24
2024-Jul-26
16.8 LD
6.2
281
523664
2024-Jul-28
14.9 LD
23.7
680
2020 PN1
2024-Aug-02
18 LD
5.5
29
2023 HB7
2024-Aug-05
14.6 LD
6.1
32
2017 TU1
2024-Aug-05
10.1 LD
10.1
22
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:

What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Starlink Satellite Statistics
  current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page. See also, all satellite statistics.
The Aerospace Corporation
  Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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