| Asteroid | Date(UT) | Miss Distance | Velocity (km/s) | Diameter (m) |
| 2022 BP2 | 2022-Jan-25 | 1.5 LD | 16.2 | 13 |
| 2022 BW2 | 2022-Jan-25 | 16.5 LD | 4.9 | 10 |
| 2022 BF | 2022-Jan-26 | 1.3 LD | 12.4 | 14 |
| 2022 BO2 | 2022-Jan-26 | 17.3 LD | 14 | 24 |
| 2022 BB | 2022-Jan-26 | 2.2 LD | 7 | 13 |
| 2022 BD1 | 2022-Jan-27 | 0.5 LD | 26.1 | 5 |
| 2021 BZ | 2022-Jan-27 | 17.6 LD | 14.6 | 39 |
| 2022 BH3 | 2022-Jan-27 | 0.8 LD | 12.2 | 20 |
| 2022 BN3 | 2022-Jan-27 | 3.2 LD | 19.4 | 31 |
| 2022 AN5 | 2022-Jan-28 | 10.2 LD | 4.9 | 22 |
| 2022 BY1 | 2022-Jan-28 | 1.7 LD | 29.9 | 10 |
| 2022 BP1 | 2022-Jan-28 | 6.2 LD | 9.7 | 9 |
| 2022 AG6 | 2022-Jan-28 | 7.6 LD | 3.7 | 18 |
| 2022 BN2 | 2022-Jan-28 | 0.7 LD | 9.2 | 4 |
| 2022 BP3 | 2022-Jan-29 | 11.1 LD | 12.7 | 27 |
| 2022 BB1 | 2022-Jan-29 | 9.7 LD | 16.8 | 34 |
| 2022 BL2 | 2022-Jan-30 | 6.2 LD | 4.7 | 9 |
| 2022 BP4 | 2022-Jan-31 | 3.6 LD | 8.4 | 10 |
| 2022 BR4 | 2022-Feb-02 | 19.8 LD | 20.3 | 64 |
| 2022 BY | 2022-Feb-02 | 15.6 LD | 5 | 22 |
| 2022 BT4 | 2022-Feb-03 | 6.8 LD | 12.3 | 13 |
| 2022 BH2 | 2022-Feb-04 | 3.9 LD | 19.9 | 33 |
| 2022 BF1 | 2022-Feb-04 | 6.2 LD | 13.1 | 32 |
| 2022 AA | 2022-Feb-04 | 6.6 LD | 4.3 | 43 |
| 2018 CA1 | 2022-Feb-05 | 9.8 LD | 15.1 | 32 |
| 2022 BS3 | 2022-Feb-06 | 14.2 LD | 8.3 | 30 |
| 2022 AV4 | 2022-Feb-07 | 19.2 LD | 3.4 | 22 |
| 2007 UY1 | 2022-Feb-08 | 13.9 LD | 6.6 | 89 |
| 2022 BS4 | 2022-Feb-08 | 13.1 LD | 10.9 | 31 |
| 2022 BN4 | 2022-Feb-12 | 18.2 LD | 8.2 | 25 |
| 2020 DF | 2022-Feb-14 | 12 LD | 8.6 | 20 |
| 2018 CW2 | 2022-Feb-18 | 2.2 LD | 10.8 | 25 |
| 2020 CX1 | 2022-Feb-18 | 7.2 LD | 8.2 | 54 |
| 455176 | 2022-Feb-22 | 14 LD | 25.1 | 257 |
| 2017 CX1 | 2022-Feb-23 | 15.2 LD | 5 | 8 |
| 2016 QJ44 | 2022-Feb-24 | 19.6 LD | 8.5 | 324 |
| 2021 QO2 | 2022-Feb-25 | 20 LD | 11 | 65 |
| 2020 UO4 | 2022-Feb-28 | 18.5 LD | 2.1 | 7 |
| 138971 | 2022-Mar-04 | 12.8 LD | 12 | 749 |
| 2021 UL7 | 2022-Mar-04 | 11.5 LD | 2 | 23 |
| 2020 DC | 2022-Mar-06 | 3.9 LD | 4.9 | 16 |
| 2021 EY1 | 2022-Mar-10 | 10.1 LD | 15.5 | 16 |
| 2015 DR215 | 2022-Mar-11 | 17.5 LD | 8.3 | 290 |
| 2018 GY | 2022-Mar-13 | 11.9 LD | 10.7 | 43 |
| 2022 BX1 | 2022-Mar-13 | 20.1 LD | 11 | 170 |
| 2016 FZ12 | 2022-Mar-19 | 2.2 LD | 8.3 | 16 |
| 2020 SQ | 2022-Mar-21 | 2.8 LD | 6 | 12 |
| 2013 BO76 | 2022-Mar-24 | 13.3 LD | 13.8 | 295 |
| 2011 GE3 | 2022-Mar-26 | 7.6 LD | 7 | 22 |
| 2012 FX35 | 2022-Mar-26 | 13.7 LD | 5.9 | 25 |
| 2010 GD35 | 2022-Mar-29 | 17.7 LD | 12.5 | 43 |
| 2020 FW5 | 2022-Mar-30 | 8.9 LD | 13.1 | 27 |
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach. | | Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:
This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century. It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.
We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset.
En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:
The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| | The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| | The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| | Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| | 3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| | Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| | information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| | from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| | fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| | from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| | the underlying science of space weather |
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