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PROTONS ARE RAINING DOWN ON EARTH: Solar protons are raining down on Earth's upper atmosphere today following a March 14th explosion from departing sunspot AR3599. This is causing a polar cap absorption event. Shortwave radio transmissions inside the Arctic Circle are being absorbed by the ionizing effect of the protons: realtime blackout map.
AURORAS LOVE EQUINOXES: The vernal equinox is only 4 days away. That's good news, because auroras love equinoxes. Researchers call it the "Russell-McPherron effect." At this time of year, cracks form in Earth's magnetic field, allowing even weak gusts of solar wind to spark a good display. Here's an example last night from 35,000 ft:
"While flying on the Dreamliner from Calgary to Paris, I witnessed an amazing display of auroras near Rankin Inlet in Canada," reports pilot Matt Melnyk. "At times we were so far north, I could see the aurora to the south! The flight deck is the best office view in the world." Aurora alerts: SMS Text.
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
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STEVE LOVES EQUINOXES, TOO: STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) is not an aurora, but it loves equinoxes, too. The reason is the same. Cracks in Earth's magnetic field let solar wind inside, and geomagnetic storms ensue. Plasma currents flowing like ribbons through Earth's disturbed magnetosphere glow purple in the night sky:
Fred Hirschmann saw this example of STEVE over Glacier View, Alaska, on March 13th. "My wife, Randi, and I went outside for a midnight feeding of our outdoor wood furnace," he says. "Randi noticed a dim narrow band of light stretching from horizon to horizon overhead. I told her that might be STEVE, and I ran inside to grab my camera. Sure enough, a ten second exposure at f2.8 and ISO 1600 revealed the telltale purple color of this phenomenon."
After the sighting, Hirschmann checked the solar wind data on Spaceweather.com. "The magnetic field of the incoming solar wind had turned south for a couple of hours," he noted. This is exactly the condition that opens a "equinox crack".
With the vernal equinox less than a week away, high-latitude sky watchers should be alert for both STEVE and auroras. Happy Spring!
Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
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18K GOLD "LOVE YOU TO THE MOON" LOCKET: This is a very special locket. It's heart-shaped, plated with 18K gold, and we will fly it again during this year's total eclipse of the sun. Keep reading...
On Jan. 26, 2024, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched this locket to the stratosphere onboard a cosmic ray research balloon. At the apex of the flight, it floated 111,535 feet above the Sierra Nevada mountains of central California:
Buy it now for $149.95, and we'll fly it again--FOR FREE--during the total solar eclipse on April 8, 2024. The students will be launching multiple balloons from the path of totality in Texas. Your pendant will go along for the ride, touching the shadow of the Moon at the edge of space. (Simply type "FLY IT AGAIN" in the comments box at checkout.)
The locket, which opens to hold a personal photo or other small item, comes with a greeting card showing the jewelry in flight and telling the story of its journey to the edge of space.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education
Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
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Realtime Comet Photo Gallery
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Every night, a network of
NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Mar 15, 2024, the network reported 9 fireballs.
(9 sporadics)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (
PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding
new ones all the time.
On March 15, 2024 there were 2349 potentially hazardous asteroids.
|
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters: Asteroid | Date(UT) | Miss Distance | Velocity (km/s) | Diameter (m) |
2024 EJ3 | 2024-Mar-10 | 2.6 LD | 13.8 | 15 |
2024 EA2 | 2024-Mar-10 | 5.5 LD | 11 | 12 |
2024 EE2 | 2024-Mar-10 | 13.9 LD | 18.7 | 38 |
2024 ER3 | 2024-Mar-11 | 12.2 LD | 15.7 | 28 |
2024 DA1 | 2024-Mar-11 | 9.4 LD | 9.9 | 49 |
2024 EL3 | 2024-Mar-11 | 0.1 LD | 13.7 | 6 |
2024 EX3 | 2024-Mar-11 | 3.1 LD | 5.2 | 9 |
2024 EG2 | 2024-Mar-12 | 1.7 LD | 19.6 | 23 |
2015 FM34 | 2024-Mar-12 | 19.4 LD | 11.1 | 113 |
2024 EG4 | 2024-Mar-12 | 8.7 LD | 12.7 | 44 |
2024 EC3 | 2024-Mar-13 | 2.3 LD | 7.2 | 7 |
2024 EL1 | 2024-Mar-13 | 8.5 LD | 7.9 | 18 |
2024 EJ4 | 2024-Mar-13 | 0.1 LD | 8.7 | 5 |
2024 EH3 | 2024-Mar-14 | 6.5 LD | 10.1 | 29 |
2024 EK3 | 2024-Mar-15 | 1.6 LD | 6.8 | 6 |
2020 FU | 2024-Mar-15 | 14.9 LD | 15.5 | 19 |
2024 EK4 | 2024-Mar-16 | 10.5 LD | 4.3 | 10 |
2024 CJ8 | 2024-Mar-16 | 17.3 LD | 12.1 | 81 |
2024 EQ | 2024-Mar-16 | 6.9 LD | 10.7 | 22 |
2024 EK | 2024-Mar-16 | 7 LD | 7.6 | 15 |
2024 EX2 | 2024-Mar-16 | 5.8 LD | 6.2 | 19 |
2024 EP3 | 2024-Mar-17 | 11 LD | 8.9 | 41 |
2024 ED3 | 2024-Mar-18 | 3.5 LD | 9.9 | 31 |
2024 EN3 | 2024-Mar-18 | 5.6 LD | 6.3 | 18 |
2024 EN | 2024-Mar-18 | 3.9 LD | 12 | 44 |
2020 FD | 2024-Mar-18 | 4.5 LD | 15.1 | 10 |
2024 BD7 | 2024-Mar-19 | 18.8 LD | 10.1 | 140 |
2024 EQ3 | 2024-Mar-20 | 12 LD | 10.8 | 14 |
2024 EZ3 | 2024-Mar-20 | 11.6 LD | 5.8 | 25 |
2024 EY3 | 2024-Mar-20 | 12 LD | 11.6 | 45 |
2024 EL4 | 2024-Mar-23 | 14.7 LD | 11.8 | 38 |
2024 EC4 | 2024-Mar-24 | 19.5 LD | 4 | 27 |
2019 CJ | 2024-Mar-24 | 12.4 LD | 4.4 | 28 |
2021 CF6 | 2024-Mar-25 | 14.6 LD | 8.3 | 62 |
2024 EA3 | 2024-Mar-27 | 8.2 LD | 10.8 | 47 |
2024 EO3 | 2024-Mar-28 | 10.1 LD | 11.4 | 41 |
2024 ED4 | 2024-Mar-29 | 14.5 LD | 7.8 | 18 |
2023 RO49 | 2024-Mar-29 | 14.1 LD | 4.3 | 45 |
2015 MB54 | 2024-Mar-30 | 11.7 LD | 3.8 | 54 |
2024 DQ | 2024-Mar-30 | 6.4 LD | 2.9 | 41 |
2018 CC14 | 2024-Apr-03 | 19.6 LD | 8.9 | 115 |
2023 GC2 | 2024-Apr-04 | 8.7 LD | 5.7 | 12 |
2005 FG | 2024-Apr-08 | 18.4 LD | 5.5 | 57 |
2020 BP13 | 2024-Apr-09 | 15.2 LD | 6.8 | 209 |
2021 RJ19 | 2024-Apr-12 | 19.6 LD | 11.4 | 25 |
2021 GQ5 | 2024-Apr-13 | 8.8 LD | 7.5 | 7 |
2023 FN13 | 2024-Apr-14 | 3.3 LD | 4.9 | 13 |
2022 UO1 | 2024-Apr-14 | 16.7 LD | 14 | 33 |
517681 | 2024-Apr-15 | 18.4 LD | 14.2 | 589 |
439437 | 2024-Apr-15 | 8.5 LD | 16.5 | 609 |
2023 HU3 | 2024-Apr-18 | 15.9 LD | 19.1 | 35 |
2021 JW2 | 2024-Apr-19 | 1.6 LD | 5.1 | 11 |
2017 SA20 | 2024-Apr-19 | 3.8 LD | 6.2 | 8 |
2021 VH2 | 2024-Apr-25 | 9.3 LD | 2.7 | 6 |
2021 GD3 | 2024-Apr-30 | 11.4 LD | 3.5 | 14 |
2022 TN1 | 2024-Apr-30 | 18.6 LD | 17.7 | 295 |
2022 AA5 | 2024-May-02 | 12 LD | 8.9 | 67 |
2021 JG9 | 2024-May-10 | 16.9 LD | 16.1 | 32 |
2016 FT14 | 2024-May-10 | 19.9 LD | 5.9 | 39 |
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. | Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:
What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| 3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page |
| Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries |
| from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| the underlying science of space weather |
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