Asteroid | Date(UT) | Miss Distance | Velocity (km/s) | Diameter (m) |
2022 FJ | 2022-Mar-22 | 8.2 LD | 9.2 | 19 |
2022 FS2 | 2022-Mar-22 | 4.9 LD | 6.3 | 8 |
2022 EA5 | 2022-Mar-23 | 14.9 LD | 8 | 19 |
2022 FC | 2022-Mar-23 | 1.8 LD | 16.8 | 21 |
2013 BO76 | 2022-Mar-24 | 13.3 LD | 13.8 | 271 |
2022 FH | 2022-Mar-25 | 4.1 LD | 14.8 | 18 |
2022 FD1 | 2022-Mar-25 | 0 LD | 18.5 | 2 |
2022 FC1 | 2022-Mar-25 | 18 LD | 7.7 | 19 |
2011 GE3 | 2022-Mar-26 | 7.6 LD | 7 | 22 |
2012 FX35 | 2022-Mar-26 | 13.7 LD | 5.9 | 25 |
2022 FA1 | 2022-Mar-26 | 0.7 LD | 13.4 | 5 |
2022 FY | 2022-Mar-26 | 1.8 LD | 7.2 | 10 |
2022 FM1 | 2022-Mar-26 | 4 LD | 7.6 | 7 |
2022 FL2 | 2022-Mar-26 | 3.9 LD | 10.2 | 21 |
2022 FS | 2022-Mar-27 | 2 LD | 14.5 | 14 |
2022 FB2 | 2022-Mar-28 | 0.4 LD | 13.7 | 16 |
2022 FE | 2022-Mar-28 | 9 LD | 7.2 | 15 |
2022 FF1 | 2022-Mar-29 | 3.9 LD | 6.7 | 6 |
2022 FR1 | 2022-Mar-29 | 4.9 LD | 9.6 | 8 |
2022 EL5 | 2022-Mar-29 | 7.1 LD | 3 | 13 |
2010 GD35 | 2022-Mar-29 | 17.7 LD | 12.5 | 43 |
2022 EK1 | 2022-Mar-30 | 19 LD | 7.6 | 42 |
2022 FX1 | 2022-Mar-30 | 13.2 LD | 9.5 | 28 |
2022 FM2 | 2022-Mar-31 | 11.6 LD | 6.2 | 19 |
2022 FL1 | 2022-Mar-31 | 5 LD | 2.6 | 6 |
2020 FW5 | 2022-Mar-31 | 12 LD | 12.9 | 27 |
2022 FQ2 | 2022-Mar-31 | 6 LD | 9.4 | 16 |
2022 DX4 | 2022-Mar-31 | 16.7 LD | 6 | 39 |
2007 FF1 | 2022-Apr-01 | 19.4 LD | 12.8 | 155 |
2022 FQ | 2022-Apr-02 | 8 LD | 10.4 | 39 |
2021 GN1 | 2022-Apr-02 | 14.4 LD | 14.3 | 19 |
2016 GW221 | 2022-Apr-02 | 9.8 LD | 5.9 | 41 |
2022 FE2 | 2022-Apr-02 | 10 LD | 10.6 | 33 |
2022 FJ1 | 2022-Apr-02 | 16.5 LD | 5 | 27 |
2022 FL | 2022-Apr-03 | 8.7 LD | 7.3 | 20 |
2022 EN2 | 2022-Apr-04 | 18.7 LD | 5.6 | 39 |
2012 TV | 2022-Apr-05 | 19.2 LD | 18.1 | 32 |
2020 GH1 | 2022-Apr-09 | 16.8 LD | 7.2 | 28 |
2017 TO2 | 2022-Apr-10 | 17.9 LD | 11.6 | 78 |
363599 | 2022-Apr-12 | 19.3 LD | 24.5 | 221 |
2020 TQ6 | 2022-Apr-18 | 13.4 LD | 15.4 | 43 |
2017 UR2 | 2022-Apr-22 | 19.4 LD | 9.3 | 10 |
2020 VN1 | 2022-Apr-25 | 19.3 LD | 2.3 | 9 |
418135 | 2022-Apr-28 | 8.5 LD | 10.4 | 443 |
2017 XO2 | 2022-May-01 | 18.8 LD | 12.4 | 118 |
2017 HG1 | 2022-May-04 | 18.2 LD | 6 | 11 |
467460 | 2022-May-09 | 14.9 LD | 11.3 | 513 |
2019 JE | 2022-May-11 | 4.9 LD | 7.2 | 20 |
2012 UX68 | 2022-May-15 | 2.8 LD | 8.2 | 54 |
388945 | 2022-May-15 | 15 LD | 8.2 | 287 |
2013 UX | 2022-May-17 | 16.8 LD | 16.3 | 141 |
2021 WY | 2022-May-18 | 16.9 LD | 9 | 65 |
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach. | Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:
This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century. It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.
We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset.
En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:
The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
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