Never miss another geomagnetic storm. Sign up for Space Weather Alerts and you'll receive a text message when magnetic storms erupt. Aurora tour guides and professional astronomers use this service. You can, too! | | |
FARSIDE SUNSPOTS: There is a sunspot group on the farside of the sun so large it is affecting the way the sun vibrates. Its helioseismic echo may be seen in this farside map. The sun's rotation will bring this northern active region onto the Earthside of the sun later this week. Stay tuned. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text
DRAMATIC GROUND-BASED IMAGES OF ASTEROID STRIKE: Yesterday, NASA's DART spacecraft hit asteroid Dimorphos--an incredible, dramatic bullseye 11 million kilometers from Earth. Surprising even NASA, ground-based telescopes had no trouble seeing the impact. Astronomers with the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) in Hawaii recorded a bright cloud of debris:
This was the result of the 1,340-pound spacecraft plunging into Dimorphos at 14,000 mph. Most of the debris is probably asteroid dust, but some of DART may be in there, too. A similar video was recorded by the 1-meter Lesedi telescope in South Africa.
Mission scientsts say DART hit the asteroid less than 17 meters off center. Think about that: 17 meters off at a distance of 11 million kilometers. NASA still has the right stuff.
Now that the dust has cleared, astronomers are monitoring Dimorphos's orbit to find out whether or not it has changed in response to the strike. Even a slight shift would prove that human tech can alter an asteroid's trajectory--a possible strategy for future Planetary Defense.
more images: from Gianluca Masi using the Klein Karoo Observatory in South Africa; from Ernesto Guido using a remotely controlled 0.61-meter telescope in Chile; from Eliot Herman using a remotely controlled telescope in Siding Spring Australia
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UNEXPECTED GEOMAGNETIC STORM: This was not in the forecast. A CME sideswiped Earth's magnetic field on Sept. 26th (~2200 UT), sparking a G2-class geomagnetic storm. "Bright gaudy colors danced across the heavens for more than an hour," says Christopher Mathews, who took this picture from his backyard in Hraunborg, Iceland:
Bright auroras were sighted in multiple locations around Iceland, Norway, and Canada. They even dipped into the United States with green pillars over Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan.
We're not sure where the instigating CME came from. Probably, it is one of two CMEs that left the sun on Sept. 23rd. Neither was supposed to hit Earth and, indeed, this was not a direct hit. The off-target CME passed nearby, snowplowing dense (73 protons/cc) solar wind plasma onto Earth's magnetic field. The sudden load triggered the geomagnetic storm. Aurora alerts: SMS Text
more images: from Thomas Spence of Tofte, Minnesota; from Markus Varik of Tromsø, Norway; from Natalia Robba of Hella, Iceland; from Petr Horálek of Tromsø, Norway; from Matthew Merrell of central Minnesota; from Wil Cheung of Hof, Iceland; from Dirk S. Miller of Rice Lake, Wisconsin
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RARE MR. SPOCK ORNAMENT: It's the logical way to decorate your Christmas tree--with a rare Mr. Spock ornament. This one has been to the edge of space. On Sept. 22, 2022, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus launched Spock to the stratosphere on board a cosmic ray research balloon:
You can have it for $129.95. The students are selling Spock ornaments to pay the helium bill for their cosmic ray ballooning program. Made by Hallmark in the 1990s, the ornament comes with a greeting card showing the science officer in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.
Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education
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Every night, a network of
NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.
On Sep 27, 2022, the network reported 29 fireballs.
(29 sporadics)
In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (
PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding
new ones all the time.
On September 27, 2022 there were 2297 potentially hazardous asteroids.
 |
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters: | Asteroid | Date(UT) | Miss Distance | Velocity (km/s) | Diameter (m) |
| 2022 SK1 | 2022-Sep-22 | 7.1 LD | 8.4 | 29 |
| 2022 SG3 | 2022-Sep-22 | 1.7 LD | 10.8 | 14 |
| 2022 ST1 | 2022-Sep-22 | 4 LD | 13.5 | 13 |
| 2022 SG | 2022-Sep-22 | 7.3 LD | 19.6 | 45 |
| 2022 QH8 | 2022-Sep-22 | 10.6 LD | 15.3 | 52 |
| 2022 SW3 | 2022-Sep-23 | 7.3 LD | 8.7 | 38 |
| 2022 SC10 | 2022-Sep-23 | 14.3 LD | 10.1 | 26 |
| 2022 QK36 | 2022-Sep-23 | 18.7 LD | 3.7 | 22 |
| 2022 SD9 | 2022-Sep-23 | 0.6 LD | 13.5 | 7 |
| 2022 SP | 2022-Sep-24 | 9.2 LD | 9.8 | 13 |
| 2022 SK | 2022-Sep-24 | 18.1 LD | 16.6 | 50 |
| 2022 RM | 2022-Sep-25 | 14.2 LD | 10 | 31 |
| 2022 SK6 | 2022-Sep-25 | 2.7 LD | 3.9 | 11 |
| 2022 SH11 | 2022-Sep-25 | 13 LD | 10.9 | 15 |
| 2022 SL1 | 2022-Sep-25 | 9.3 LD | 8 | 22 |
| 2022 SU1 | 2022-Sep-25 | 4 LD | 14 | 16 |
| 2022 SE11 | 2022-Sep-25 | 5.8 LD | 4.7 | 6 |
| 2022 SE6 | 2022-Sep-26 | 4 LD | 4.2 | 25 |
| 2022 SR4 | 2022-Sep-26 | 7.9 LD | 11 | 24 |
| 2022 SY4 | 2022-Sep-26 | 2.4 LD | 11.8 | 10 |
| 2022 SY2 | 2022-Sep-27 | 18.8 LD | 12.8 | 46 |
| 2022 SD10 | 2022-Sep-27 | 3.1 LD | 22.9 | 13 |
| 2022 SJ11 | 2022-Sep-27 | 5.4 LD | 18.4 | 18 |
| 2022 SZ2 | 2022-Sep-27 | 1.5 LD | 3.6 | 10 |
| 2022 ST3 | 2022-Sep-27 | 18 LD | 17.5 | 32 |
| 2022 SD4 | 2022-Sep-27 | 10.7 LD | 9.8 | 18 |
| 2022 SP4 | 2022-Sep-27 | 15.6 LD | 13.2 | 52 |
| 2022 SO4 | 2022-Sep-28 | 13.6 LD | 11.5 | 27 |
| 2022 SB11 | 2022-Sep-28 | 15.3 LD | 12.1 | 28 |
| 2022 SP1 | 2022-Sep-28 | 19 LD | 4.6 | 20 |
| 2022 SZ10 | 2022-Sep-28 | 12.9 LD | 7.3 | 11 |
| 2022 ST7 | 2022-Sep-28 | 10.8 LD | 5.2 | 30 |
| 2022 SZ | 2022-Sep-28 | 13.7 LD | 7.4 | 18 |
| 2022 SR1 | 2022-Sep-29 | 12.1 LD | 6 | 25 |
| 2016 HF2 | 2022-Sep-29 | 19.2 LD | 5.6 | 21 |
| 2022 SA12 | 2022-Sep-29 | 3.7 LD | 10.6 | 8 |
| 2022 SH12 | 2022-Sep-29 | 3.5 LD | 14.8 | 13 |
| 2022 SG11 | 2022-Sep-29 | 2.8 LD | 18.9 | 13 |
| 2022 SJ9 | 2022-Sep-29 | 3.2 LD | 9.9 | 13 |
| 2022 SU7 | 2022-Sep-30 | 1.9 LD | 4.9 | 8 |
| 2022 SB12 | 2022-Oct-01 | 2.4 LD | 11.2 | 12 |
| 2022 SB9 | 2022-Oct-01 | 5.2 LD | 8.7 | 21 |
| 2022 SZ9 | 2022-Oct-01 | 1.5 LD | 7.7 | 7 |
| 2018 ER1 | 2022-Oct-02 | 14.7 LD | 4 | 27 |
| 2022 SC9 | 2022-Oct-03 | 13.3 LD | 15.3 | 42 |
| 2022 SO11 | 2022-Oct-04 | 2.9 LD | 12.4 | 15 |
| 2018 VG | 2022-Oct-05 | 18.5 LD | 6.7 | 12 |
| 2021 TJ10 | 2022-Oct-06 | 19.6 LD | 8.1 | 6 |
| 2013 TJ6 | 2022-Oct-07 | 11.7 LD | 14.4 | 32 |
| 2022 SV11 | 2022-Oct-09 | 17.2 LD | 14.4 | 37 |
| 2022 SE10 | 2022-Oct-10 | 5.5 LD | 10.9 | 29 |
| 2022 RA5 | 2022-Oct-12 | 13.1 LD | 5.1 | 38 |
| 2022 SG6 | 2022-Oct-13 | 15.7 LD | 10.9 | 88 |
| 2013 SL20 | 2022-Oct-14 | 6.2 LD | 12.1 | 45 |
| 2022 SY10 | 2022-Oct-15 | 6.5 LD | 3.2 | 16 |
| 2020 TO2 | 2022-Oct-15 | 1.4 LD | 12.6 | 18 |
| 2020 BD | 2022-Oct-16 | 12.1 LD | 11.4 | 20 |
| 2022 QM6 | 2022-Oct-17 | 19.8 LD | 4.2 | 69 |
| 2022 RB5 | 2022-Oct-22 | 13 LD | 5.3 | 115 |
| 2005 AZ28 | 2022-Oct-24 | 11.5 LD | 5.4 | 48 |
| 2016 TH94 | 2022-Oct-25 | 19.1 LD | 13.5 | 43 |
| 2019 AN5 | 2022-Oct-27 | 20 LD | 6.8 | 215 |
| 2004 UT1 | 2022-Oct-29 | 4 LD | 6.3 | 17 |
| 2021 VH | 2022-Nov-01 | 5.9 LD | 5.3 | 4 |
| 2022 RM4 | 2022-Nov-01 | 6 LD | 23.5 | 443 |
| 2020 WD | 2022-Nov-08 | 3 LD | 6 | 8 |
| 2019 XS | 2022-Nov-10 | 16.7 LD | 11.9 | 60 |
| 2019 VL5 | 2022-Nov-15 | 8.5 LD | 8.1 | 24 |
| 2018 WH | 2022-Nov-16 | 2.5 LD | 7.7 | 4 |
| 2019 OR1 | 2022-Nov-21 | 18.1 LD | 13.4 | 246 |
| 2005 LW3 | 2022-Nov-23 | 3 LD | 13.5 | 168 |
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. | | Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere |
SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.
Latest results (July 2022): Atmospheric radiation is decreasing in 2022. Our latest measurements in July 2022 registered a 6-year low:
What's going on? Ironically, the radiation drop is caused by increasing solar activity. Solar Cycle 25 has roared to life faster than forecasters expected. The sun's strengthening and increasingly tangled magnetic field repels cosmic rays from deep space. In addition, solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) sweep aside cosmic rays, causing sharp reductions called "Forbush Decreases." The two effects blend together to bring daily radiation levels down.
.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can alter the chemistry of the atmosphere, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. A number of controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) go even further, linking cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.
Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.
Data points in the graph labeled "Stratospheric Radiation" correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.
| | The official U.S. government space weather bureau |
| | The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena. |
| | Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever. |
| | 3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory |
| | Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO. |
| | information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary |
| | current counts of failed and deployed Starlink satellites from Jonathan's Space Page |
| | Authoritative predictions of space junk and satellite re-entries |
| | from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| | fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong. |
| | from the NOAA Space Environment Center |
| | the underlying science of space weather |
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