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SpaceWeather.com -- News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids
 
Solar wind
speed: 467.3 km/sec
density: 8.1 protons/cm3
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 2343 UT
X-ray Solar Flares
6-hr max: M9
1835 UT Mar31
24-hr: M9
1835 UT Mar31
explanation | more data
Updated: Today at: 2350 UT
Daily Sun: 31 Mar 22
Expand: labels | no labels
Sunspot AR2975 has a delta-class magnetic field that harbors energy for X-class solar flares. Credit: SDO/HMI

Sunspot number: 73
What is the sunspot number?
Updated 31 Mar 2022

Spotless Days
Current Stretch: 0 days
2022 total: 0 days (0%)
2021 total: 64 days (18%)
2020 total: 208 days (57%)
2019 total: 281 days (77%)
2018 total: 221 days (61%)
2017 total: 104 days (28%)
2016 total: 32 days (9%)
2015 total: 0 days (0%)
2014 total: 1 day (<1%)
2013 total: 0 days (0%)
2012 total: 0 days (0%)
2011 total: 2 days (<1%)
2010 total: 51 days (14%)
2009 total: 260 days (71%)
2008 total: 268 days (73%)
2007 total: 152 days (42%)
2006 total: 70 days (19%)

Updated 31 Mar 2022


Thermosphere Climate Index
today: 12.61
x1010 W Neutral
Max: 49.4
x1010 W Hot (10/1957)
Min: 2.05
x1010 W Cold (02/2009)
explanation | more data: gfx, txt
Updated 31 Mar 2022

The Radio Sun
10.7 cm flux: 151 sfu
explanation | more data
Updated 31 Mar 2022

Cosmic Rays Solar Cycle 25 is beginning, and this is reflected in the number of cosmic rays entering Earth's atmosphere. Neutron counts from the University of Oulu's Sodankyla Geophysical Observatory show that cosmic rays reaching Earth are slowly declining--a result of the yin-yang relationship between the solar cycle and cosmic rays.

Oulu Neutron Counts

Percentages of the Space Age average:
today: +6.5% High
48-hr change: -0.6%
Max: +11.7% Very High
(12/2009)
Min: -32.1% Very Low (06/1991)
explanation | more data
Updated 31 Mar 2022 @ 1700 UT

Current Auroral Oval:
Switch to: Europe, USA, New Zealand, Antarctica
Credit: NOAA/Ovation
Planetary K-index
Now: Kp= 2 quiet
24-hr max: Kp= 5
storm
explanation | more data
Interplanetary Mag. Field
Btotal: 22.3 nT
Bz: 14.9 nT north
more data: ACE, DSCOVR
Updated: Today at 2345 UT
Coronal Holes: 31 Mar 22

Solar wind flowing from this minor southern ccoronal hole should reach Earth on April 3rd.
Credit: SDO/AIA

Noctilucent Clouds
The southern season for noctilucent clouds is over. It ended on Feb. 20, 2022, concluding the weakest NLC season in 14 years. The northern season will begin in late May..
Switch view: Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, East Antarctica, Polar
Updated at:
SPACE WEATHER
NOAA Forecasts
Updated at: 2022 Mar 31 2200 UTC
FLARE
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
CLASS M
50 %
50 %
CLASS X
10 %
10 %
Geomagnetic Storms:
Probabilities for significant disturbances in Earth's magnetic field are given for three activity levels: active, minor storm, severe storm
Updated at: 2022 Mar 31 2200 UTC
Mid-latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
25 %
20 %
MINOR
35 %
05 %
SEVERE
25 %
01 %
High latitudes
0-24 hr
24-48 hr
ACTIVE
05 %
15 %
MINOR
20 %
25 %
SEVERE
70 %
30 %
 
Thursday, Mar. 31, 2022
What's up in space
       
 

Lights Over Lapland has a full catalogue of exciting adventures in Abisko National Park, Sweden! Check out our daytime and evening activities and book your adventure!

 

ANOTHER STRONG SOLAR FLARE: Active sunspot AR2975 just did it again, producing another very strong solar flare: movie. The almost-X flare (magnitude M9.6) peaked at 1835 UT on March 31st. Type II solar radio emissions recorded by the US Air Force suggest that a CME will soon emerge emerge from the blast site traveling faster than 1600 km/s. Will it hit Earth? Stay tuned for answers. Solar flare alerts: SMS Text.

CME IMPACT SPARKS MID-LATITUDE AURORAS (UPDATED): As predicted, a Cannibal CME hit Earth's magnetic field on March 31st (0210 UT). The impact caused a G1-class geomagnetic storm--weaker than the G3 storm that was expected, but still enough to spark auroras across multiple northern-tier US states. "Last night we saw some amazing auroras in North Dakota," reports Elon Gane who sends this picture from the shore of Lake Darling:

Remarkably, this picture was taken using a cell phone---"my Samsung S22 Ultra," says Gane. "I was interested in how it would do and I'm pleasantly surprised by the result."

At the apex of the storm, which lasted 6 hours, auroras descended into the USA as far south as Nebraska and Colorado. Troy Michael Bryan saw the lights outside the town of Scottsbluff NE at latitude +42N:

"The red glow was visible albeit faint," says Bryan. "My camera really captured it well."

George Dunham photographed red auroras at an even lower latitude: +38N over Crawford, Colorado. "They were just at the threshold of naked-eye visibility," he says.

If the storm had reached the G3 intensity forecasters thought possible, auroras might have been sighted in almost every US state. Maybe next time. Aurora alerts: SMS Text.

more images: from Ash Hanson-Steen of Ritzville, Washington; from Rocky Raybell of Keller, Washington; from Zach Schierl of Yakima, Washington; from Jan Curtis of Cheyenne, Wyoming; from Matthew Edwards of Big Horn National Forest, Wyoming; from Michael Kenney of Dubois, Wyoming; from Matt Moffet of Billings, Montana; from Sacha Layos of Fairbanks, AK;

Realtime Aurora Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

THE NEXT CME MIGHT BE A DUD: Yesterday's X1-class solar flare produced a CME with an apparently Earth-directed component: movie. NOAA analysts think it might be a dud: "The CME associated with the X1 flare was modeled and is unlikely to have any significant Earth impacts," they say. Nevertheless, we encourage aurora watchers to be alert for geomagnetic activity on April 2nd when the arriving CME might defy expectations. Aurora alerts: SMS Text.

STERLING SILVER RAINBOW DRAGONFLY: Are you looking for a far-out gift? Nothing says "I love you" like a rainbow dragonfly from the edge of space. On Jan 28th, this sterling silver pendant hitched a ride onboard an Earth to Sky Calculus cosmic ray research balloon:

You can have it for $172.95. The dragonfly's heart is a Celtic love knot, and its wings are decorated with a spray of rainbow-colored crystals. This item is 100% 925 sterling silver, lead-free, nickel-free, cadmium-free, and totally hypoallergenic.

The students are selling dragonfly pendants to support their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the pendant in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education


Realtime Space Weather Photo Gallery
Free:
Spaceweather.com Newsletter

  All Sky Fireball Network
Every night, a network of NASA all-sky cameras scans the skies above the United States for meteoritic fireballs. Automated software maintained by NASA's Meteoroid Environment Office calculates their orbits, velocity, penetration depth in Earth's atmosphere and many other characteristics. Daily results are presented here on Spaceweather.com.

On Mar 31, 2022, the network reported 3 fireballs.
(3 sporadics)

In this diagram of the inner solar system, all of the fireball orbits intersect at a single point--Earth. The orbits are color-coded by velocity, from slow (red) to fast (blue). [Larger image] [movies]

  Near Earth Asteroids
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHAs) are space rocks larger than approximately 100m that can come closer to Earth than 0.05 AU. None of the known PHAs is on a collision course with our planet, although astronomers are finding new ones all the time.
On March 31, 2022 there were 2272 potentially hazardous asteroids.
Recent & Upcoming Earth-asteroid encounters:
Asteroid
Date(UT)
Miss Distance
Velocity (km/s)
Diameter (m)
2012 FX35
2022-Mar-26
13.5 LD
5.9
25
2011 GE3
2022-Mar-26
7.6 LD
7
22
2022 FA1
2022-Mar-26
0.7 LD
13.4
5
2022 FY
2022-Mar-26
1.8 LD
7.2
10
2022 FM1
2022-Mar-26
4 LD
7.6
7
2022 FL2
2022-Mar-26
3.9 LD
10.2
20
2022 FS3
2022-Mar-27
12.3 LD
5.9
8
2022 FS
2022-Mar-27
2 LD
14.5
13
2022 FB2
2022-Mar-28
0.4 LD
13.7
16
2022 FE
2022-Mar-28
9 LD
7.2
15
2022 FF1
2022-Mar-29
3.9 LD
6.7
5
2022 FR1
2022-Mar-29
4.9 LD
9.6
9
2022 EL5
2022-Mar-29
7.1 LD
3
14
2010 GD35
2022-Mar-29
17.7 LD
12.5
43
2022 EK1
2022-Mar-30
19 LD
7.6
42
2022 FX1
2022-Mar-30
13.3 LD
9.6
25
2022 FM2
2022-Mar-31
11.6 LD
6.2
19
2022 FL1
2022-Mar-31
5 LD
2.6
5
2020 FW5
2022-Mar-31
12 LD
12.9
27
2022 FQ2
2022-Mar-31
6 LD
9.4
16
2022 DX4
2022-Mar-31
16.7 LD
6
39
2022 FF3
2022-Apr-01
2.6 LD
5.3
10
2007 FF1
2022-Apr-01
19.4 LD
12.8
155
2022 FQ
2022-Apr-02
8 LD
10.4
37
2021 GN1
2022-Apr-02
14.4 LD
14.3
19
2016 GW221
2022-Apr-02
9.8 LD
5.9
41
2022 FE2
2022-Apr-02
10 LD
10.6
31
2022 FJ1
2022-Apr-02
16.5 LD
5
27
2022 FL
2022-Apr-03
8.7 LD
7.3
20
2017 WN13
2022-Apr-04
6.3 LD
19.5
102
2022 EN2
2022-Apr-04
18.7 LD
5.6
39
2022 FG3
2022-Apr-04
12.6 LD
7.4
23
2022 FO3
2022-Apr-04
6.7 LD
11.3
23
2012 TV
2022-Apr-05
19.2 LD
18.1
32
2020 GH1
2022-Apr-09
16.8 LD
7.2
28
2022 FT3
2022-Apr-10
19.8 LD
11
21
2017 TO2
2022-Apr-10
17.9 LD
11.6
78
363599
2022-Apr-12
19.3 LD
24.5
221
2022 FR3
2022-Apr-14
18.3 LD
8.4
92
2020 TQ6
2022-Apr-18
13.4 LD
15.4
43
2022 FN3
2022-Apr-19
15.2 LD
6.3
39
2017 UR2
2022-Apr-22
19.4 LD
9.3
10
2020 VN1
2022-Apr-25
19.3 LD
2.3
9
418135
2022-Apr-28
8.5 LD
10.4
443
2017 XO2
2022-May-01
18.8 LD
12.4
118
2017 HG1
2022-May-04
18.2 LD
6
11
467460
2022-May-09
14.9 LD
11.3
513
2019 JE
2022-May-11
4.9 LD
7.2
20
2012 UX68
2022-May-15
2.8 LD
8.2
54
388945
2022-May-15
15 LD
8.2
287
2013 UX
2022-May-17
16.8 LD
16.3
141
2021 WY
2022-May-18
16.9 LD
9
65
7335
2022-May-27
10.5 LD
13.1
1108
Notes: LD means "Lunar Distance." 1 LD = 384,401 km, the distance between Earth and the Moon. 1 LD also equals 0.00256 AU. MAG is the visual magnitude of the asteroid on the date of closest approach.
  Cosmic Rays in the Atmosphere

SPACE WEATHER BALLOON DATA: Almost once a week, Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus fly space weather balloons to the stratosphere over California. These balloons are equipped with sensors that detect secondary cosmic rays, a form of radiation from space that can penetrate all the way down to Earth's surface. Our monitoring program has been underway without interruption for 7 years, resulting in a unique dataset of in situ atmospheric measurements.

Latest results (Nov. 2021): Our balloons have just measured a sudden drop in atmospheric radiation. It happened during the strong geomagnetic storms of Nov. 3-4, 2021. Here are the data:

This is called a "Forbush decrease," named after American physicist Scott Forbush who studied cosmic rays in the early 20th century.  It happens when a CME from the sun sweeps past Earth and literally pushes cosmic rays away from our planet. Radiation from deep space that would normally pepper Earth's upper atmosphere is briefly wiped out.

We have measured Forbush decreases before. For example, here's one from Sept. 2014. The Forbush Decrease of Nov. 3-4, 2021, was the deepest in the history of our 7-year atmospheric monitoring program. Radiation levels in the stratosphere over California dropped nearly 20%, more than doubling the previous record from our dataset. 

En route to the stratosphere, our sensors also pass through aviation altitudes, so we can sample radiation where planes fly. This plot shows how the Forbush decrease was restricted to the stratosphere; it did not affect lower levels of the atmosphere:

The dose rates shown above are expressed as multiples of sea level. For instance, we see that boarding a plane that flies at 25,000 feet exposes passengers to dose rates ~10x higher than sea level. At 40,000 feet, the multiplier is closer to 50x. The higher you fly, the more radiation you will absorb.

.Who cares? Cosmic rays are a surprisingly "down to Earth" form of space weather. They can seed clouds, trigger lightning, and penetrate commercial airplanes. According to a study from the Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health, crews of aircraft have higher rates of cancer than the general population. The researchers listed cosmic rays, irregular sleep habits, and chemical contaminants as leading risk factors. Somewhat more controversial studies (#1, #2, #3, #4) link cosmic rays with cardiac arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

.Technical notes: The radiation sensors onboard our helium balloons detect X-rays and gamma-rays in the energy range 10 keV to 20 MeV. These energies span the range of medical X-ray machines and airport security scanners.

Data points in the first graph ("Stratospheric Radiation") correspond to the peak of the Regener-Pfotzer maximum, which lies about 67,000 feet above central California. When cosmic rays crash into Earth's atmosphere, they produce a spray of secondary particles that is most intense at the entrance to the stratosphere. Physicists Eric Regener and Georg Pfotzer discovered the maximum using balloons in the 1930s and it is what we are measuring today.

  Essential web links
NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center
  The official U.S. government space weather bureau
Atmospheric Optics
  The first place to look for information about sundogs, pillars, rainbows and related phenomena.
Solar Dynamics Observatory
  Researchers call it a "Hubble for the sun." SDO is the most advanced solar observatory ever.
STEREO
  3D views of the sun from NASA's Solar and Terrestrial Relations Observatory
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
  Realtime and archival images of the Sun from SOHO.
SolarMonitor.org
  information about sunspots based on the latest NOAA/USAF Active Region Summary
Daily Sunspot Summaries
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
NOAA 27-Day Space Weather Forecasts
  fun to read, but should be taken with a grain of salt! Forecasts looking ahead more than a few days are often wrong.
Aurora 30 min forecast
  from the NOAA Space Environment Center
Live Aurora Webcam
  from Lights over Lapland
Heliophysics
  the underlying science of space weather

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