HAPPY BIRTHDAY, SOHO! This week, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) turns 25. Originally designed to operate for only two years, SOHO has lived through two complete solar cycles (1995 - now). During those long years, SOHO discovered more than 4000 comets, alerted Earth to 30,000 CMEs, found the first 'solar tsunamis,' and endeared itself as the #1 favorite spacecraft of Spaceweather.com. For superfans: This 47 minute video summarizes 25 continuous years of SOHO observations. Many happy returns!
STRANGE ANTARCTIC WEATHER EXTENDS TO THE EDGE OF SPACE: Consider it the tip of the iceberg. Noctilucent clouds (NLCs) over the south pole are missing.
"Normally we see the first NLCs of the southern season around Nov. 21st," says Cora Randall of the University of Colorado's Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). "But this year, it's already December and we're still waiting."
Above: What a different one year makes. NASA's AIM spacecraft took these pictures of NLCs over Antarctica on Nov. 29, 2019 (left) and Nov. 29, 2020 (right)
Missing NLCs is just one of the curious weather patterns currently underway at the southern end of our planet.
Making a list: (1) Earth's southern ozone hole is not only open, but also the biggest it's ever been in December. (2) The air above Antarctica is currently at record cold levels for this time of year--the result of an icy polar vortex that refuses to break up. (3) In the stratosphere, east-west winds at 60 degrees South are blowing at record speed. From top to bottom, the Antarctic atmosphere is in a quirky state.
Lynn Harvey, also at LASP, gathered these plots from the Goddard Space Flight Center showing some of the unusual meteorology:
Above: Current conditions are circled in yellow. The ozone hole (left) and stratospheric winds (right) are both setting records for this time of year. [Expand!]
"Based on the trends, I would say noctilucent clouds might not appear until mid-December, which is pretty unusual," says Harvey.
NLCs are Earth's highest clouds. They form when summertime wisps of water vapor rise up from the poles to the edge of space. Water crystallizing around specks of meteor dust 83 km above Earth's surface creates beautiful electric-blue structures, typically visible from November to February in the south, and May to August in the north. Their appearance over Antarctica in 2020 is now seriously overdue.
What's causing the delay? "I would guess it's ocean/atmosphere coupling," speculates Randall. "La Nina strengthened in October, and this is known to affect large-scale circulation in the atmosphere (e.g., Butler et al., 2011; Lin & Qian, 2019)."
"It's blowing the scale away this year," says Hampton University professor James Russell, principal investigator for NASA's AIM spacecraft, which monitors noctilucent clouds. "I can't wait to see what happens next."
A sharable version of this story may be found here.
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