SpaceWeather.com Archive — Tue, Jul 15, 2025

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DRAGON RE-ENTRY OVER SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA: Early this morning (~2:25 am PDT), sky watchers in southern California heard a double sonic boom as a bright firefall streak across the sky. It was the AXIOM-4 Dragon Capsule with 4 astronauts onboard, returning to Earth from the International Space Station. Photos: #1, #2, #3, #4, #5, #6.

MASSIVE ERUPTION CREATES 'CANYON OF FIRE': For days, astronomers have been monitoring an enormous filament of magnetism curling over the northeastern limb of the sun. Today, it erupted. NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory recorded the upheaval:

Debris from the filament flew through the sun's atmosphere, carving a "canyon of fire" more than 400,000 km long. The walls of the canyon are at least 20,000 km high--a grand canyon, indeed.

This eruption also hurled a CME into space. We don't yet know if there is an Earth-directed component. Confirmation awaits additional images from SOHO coronagraphs. Stay tuned for updates.

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PEARLS WITH ALTITUDE (WHITE CAT EARRINGS): These pearls are out of this world. On July 7, 2025, they hitched a ride to the stratosphere onboard an Earth to Sky cosmic ray research balloon, more than 107,117 feet high:

You can have a pair for $149.95. These stud earrings are the purr-fect gift for cat lovers. Each premium AAAAA-rated pearl is delicately framed by sterling silver cat ears—plated in platinum for a shine that lasts all nine lives. They’re a celestial nod to feline elegance.

The students are selling space jewelry to pay the helium bill for their cosmic ray ballooning program. Each one comes with a greeting card showing the ornament in flight and telling the story of its trip to the stratosphere and back again.

Far Out Gifts: Earth to Sky Store
All sales support hands-on STEM education

THE BASTILLE DAY EVENT, 25 YEARS LATER: You know a solar flare is strong when even the Voyager spacecraft feel it. Twenty-five years ago, on July 14, 2000, the sun unleashed one of the most powerful solar storms of the Space Age—an event so intense, its shockwaves rippled all the way to the edge of the solar system.

Voyager 2 felt the explosion 180 days later; Voyager 1, 245 days. The debris was still coherent and traveling faster than 600 km/s (1.9 million mph) when it slammed into the two spacecraft—then more than 9 billion kilometers from the sun.

Here on Earth, the effects were almost immediate. Within minutes, extreme ultraviolet and X-ray radiation bathed our planet and its satellites. Ground-based sensors registered a rare GLE (ground-level event) as energetic particles cascaded through the atmosphere.

"People flying in commercial jets at high latitudes would have received double their usual radiation dose," recalled Clive Dyer of the University of Surrey Space Centre. “It was quite an energetic event—one of the strongest of its time."

Because the flare happened on July 14th, it's called "The Bastille Day Event" after France’s national holiday. However, auroras did not appear until the following day, July 15th, when a coronal mass ejection (CME) arrived. The 1500 km/s impact triggered an extreme geomagnetic storm (Kp=9).

Auroras on July 15, 2000, photographed by (left) Ronnie Sherrill in North Carolina and (right) NASA's IMAGE spacecraft.

In New York, Lou Michael Moure remembers his sky catching fire: "I was living on Long Island. A family member ran into my room, shouting about 'the sky on fire.' Sure enough, the sky blazed white, green, then red from horizon to horizon." In North Carolina, Uwe Heine was doing yardwork when bright red auroras appeared straight overhead: "I told our neighbor those weren’t sunset colors. It was an aurora—and super rare this far south!"

By the time the storm ended on July 16th, auroras had been sighted as far south as Texas, Florida, and even Mexico.

The Bastille Day Event was important because, for the first time in history, spacecraft throughout the solar system were equipped with instruments capable of studying such a storm. Most notably, it was the first major solar storm observed by SOHO, the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory, which gave researchers an unprecedented look at how extreme flares unfold and evolve.


Above: SOHO images of the X5.7-class Bastille Day solar flare (left) and CME (right). "Snow" in the images is a result of energetic protons hitting the spacecraft

Later studies described how an X5.7-class flare, erupting near the center of the solar disk, released 10³³ ergs of magnetic energy—equivalent to a thousand billion WWII-era atomic bombs. The resulting CME generated a massive barrier of magnetic field and plasma, which swept away galactic cosmic rays as it raced through the heliosphere. Even the Voyagers felt this unusual dip in cosmic radiation, known as a Forbush Decrease.

Could it happen again? It could happen again this week. We’re currently near the peak of Solar Cycle 25, and another X-flare is well within the realm of possibility.