SpaceWeather.com Archive — Thu, Aug 21, 2025

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ARCTIC AURORA SEASON HAS BEGUN: As summer comes to an end, skies are darkening around the Arctic Circle--and aurora season has begun. A solar wind stream on Aug. 19-20 sparked the first easily visible Northern Lights in months. It looked a lot like autumn. Aurora alerts: SMS Text

THE BACKWARD TAIL OF COMET 3I/ATLAS: Last month, when astronomers used the Hubble Space Telescope to photograph 3I/ATLAS, they had a "Eureka!" moment. The mysterious interstellar visitor had a fuzzy atmosphere and a growing tail. Clearly, it was a comet.

However, something was not quite right. Take a look, and see if you can spot the problem:

The tail of 3I/ATLAS points almost straight toward the sun. Normally, comet dust tails are pushed away from the sun by radiation pressure. 3I/ATLAS is doing the opposite—it's backwards.

Why? Researchers led by David Jewitt of UCLA believe they have an explanation: "It is due to the preferential sublimation of ice on the hot day side of the nucleus and the near absence of sublimation on the night side," they wrote in a paper reporting the observations.

In other words, 3I/ATLAS *is* a comet, but only the sun-heated side is producing lots of dust. The emerging dust particles are too big for radiation pressure to bend them back into an ordinary tail.

This is unusual, but not unheard of. Solar system comets have been known to produce sunward fans or jets, typically from localized "hot spots" on their rotating nuclei. What makes 3I/ATLAS different is the dominance of its sunward plume, dwarfing a barely visible anti-solar tail behind it.

If 3I/ATLAS is indeed a comet, it may have been wandering through the galaxy for longer than our Solar System has existed. Billions of years of cosmic ray bombardment will have altered its surface--knocking hydrogen atoms out while heavier molecules remained behind. This process could create a hardened crust that might not sputter dust and gas like fresher comets from the Solar System.

Researchers will be very interested to see how the tail of 3I/ATLAS evolves as it approaches the sun for a close encounter in October 2025. Will it remain backward? Or will the crust crumble and allow smaller particles to escape, forming a more normal anti-solar tail?

Of course, if it is a spaceship as Harvard professor Avi Loeb suggests, something completely different may occur. Either way, stay tuned.

Realtime 3I/ATLAS Photo Gallery
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SPACE BALLS FOR GOLFERS: This summer, the students of Earth to Sky Calculus flew a basket of space-helmeted golf balls to the edge of space on board a cosmic ray research balloon. Here they are floating 119,000 feet above the Sierra Nevada mountains of central California:

For $99.95 you can have a set of 3 space balls along with a unique gift card showing the balls floating at the top of Earth’s atmosphere. The interior of the card tells the story of the flight and confirms that this gift has been to the edge of space and back again.