3I/ATLAS CLOSEST APPROACH TO EARTH: Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS makes its closest approach to Earth on Dec. 19th, passing 270 million kilometers away. That's not very close. Nevertheless, experienced amateur astronomers will be able to take beautiful pictures of the 11th-magnitude comet as it passes our planet and heads back out of the Solar System. Look for it in the constellation Leo and submit your images here.
MARS AND VENUS ARE CONVERGING NEAR THE SUN: Are you looking for Mars or Venus? Don't! You will hurt your eyes. The two planets are very close to the sun, converging for a rare double solar conjunction. This coronagraph image from SOHO shows the two worlds on Dec. 17th with Mars in front of star cluster NGC 6530 at the same time.
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Mars and Venus are moving in opposite directions, swapping places in the heavens. On Jan. 6th (17:00 UTC), Venus will pass behind the sun moving right to left. On Jan. 9th (09:59 UT), Mars will pass behind the sun moving left to right. Weeks after they cross paths, Mars will become a naked-eye morning planet, while Venus becomes the brilliant "Evening Star."
When a planet passes behind the sun, astronomers call it a "superior solar conjunction." Mars and Venus are about to have consecutive solar conjunctions less than 3 days apart, making this a true Mars-Venus-sun alignment to kick off the New Year.
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THE NON-GRAVITATIONAL ACCELERATION OF 3I/ATLAS: When non-experts hear that "Comet 3I/ATLAS has non-gravitational acceleration," some think it means the interstellar object must be a spaceship. Not so. All comets have non-gravitational acceleration.
A new paper published in Research Notes of the AAS explains why--and shows how 3I/ATLAS behaves very much like the comets we know from our own Solar System.
Comet 3I/ATLAS photographed Dec.2, 2025, by Gerald Rhemann and Michael Jäger
“We measured the non-gravitational acceleration of 3I/ATLAS using long-baseline astrometry from NASA’s Psyche spacecraft and ESA’s Mars Trace Gas Orbiter,” explains lead author Marshall Eubanks. “The results are pretty typical of ordinary comets, and certainly not record-breaking.”
Non-gravitational acceleration comes from the gentle push comets experience from their own outgassing. Jets of icy material sublimating from the nucleus recoil like tiny rocket engines, nudging the comet off the path it would follow under gravity alone.
"Until recently, finding non-gravitational accelerations in comets required observations over multiple orbits--which we will never have for interstellar objects," says Eubanks. "Now, using interplanetary spacecraft, we can measure these small accelerations--just a few hundred millionths of Earth’s gravity--during a single flythrough of the solar system."
For 3I/ATLAS, the acceleration caused by outgassing is about 5 × 10⁻⁷ m s⁻², comparable to that of many small Solar System comets. Using this value, along with measurements of carbon dioxide production, the team estimated the comet’s mass at about 44 million metric tons and its radius between 260 and 370 meters--again, entirely typical.
The comparison between 3I/ATLAS and the original interstellar object 1I/‘Oumuamua is striking. In 2017 when 1I/‘Oumuamua was passing through the Solar System, its non-gravitational acceleration (~10⁻⁶ m s⁻²) attracted attention. Why? Because ‘Oumuamua didn't have any obvious outgassing. This laid the foundation for Avi Loeb's claims that 1I/'Oumuamua might be a light sail or some other kind of tech.
3I/ATLAS, on the other hand, seems normal. It has obvious cometary outgassing with a non-gravitational acceleration to match. Claiming that it, too, is a spacecraft does not fit the data.
Conclusion: 3I/ATLAS is exotic and wonderful. It is also a comet.
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CHRISTMAS GIFTS FROM THE STRATOSPHERE: Christmas is coming. Are you looking for a far-out gift? Check out the Earth to Sky Store. It's filled with items that have visited the edge of space onboard cosmic ray research balloons:
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